property

65 cases — ← All topics

Case Title Lower Court Docketed Status Flags Tags Question Presented
24-74 In Re Alphonza Leonard Phillip Thomas Bey 2024-07-25 Denied Relisted (2) 14th-amendment 8th-amendment black-negro-colored-persons constitutional-rights cruel-and-unusual-punishment cruel-unusual-punishment due-process eighth-amendment jurisdiction property state-court Since birth, Alphonza L. P. Thomas-Bey has been held hostage in an unfair, unjust, social, economic, and legal system. And all questions raised and lo…
23-7506 Alicia L'Esperance v. Chloe Thibodeau New Hampshire 2024-05-17 Denied Relisted (2)IFP civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process excessive-fines fair-housing judicial-procedure landlord-tenant notification notification-requirements property search Whether any State or judicial body, in this case, the State of New Hampshire court, should be allowed to violate Constitutional Rights, in this case r…
23-7444 In Re Carolyn J. Florimonte 2024-05-09 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP civil-rights constitutional-violation due-process eminent-domain flooding government-trespass just-compensation property property-rights takings takings-clause I. Is twenty-four (24) years, enough time for Petitioner to wait for the right to control her own Property, which never comes; to wait in despair for …
23-7201 Wayne Phillip Vance v. Glen Engstrom, et al. Second Circuit 2024-04-11 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-rights community-welfare compensation due-process government-action individual-rights liberty property standing takings 1. Does THE U.S GOVERNMENT HAVE TRE RIGHT TO PLACE CITIZENS ANDO OTHER PEOPLE IN HELLISH GIRCUOMSTANCES OR CONDITIONS WITHOUT NO REGARDS FOROURWEALTH,…
23-7065 Michael Adam Carmody v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2024-03-25 Denied Response WaivedIFP cell-site-location fourth-amendment home-surveillance ip-address ip-address-records privacy privacy-interest property property-rights search warrantless-search Whether the warrantless seizure of a person's historical IP address records, which includes their conduct within their homes, violates an individual's…
23-909 Stamatios Kousisis and Alpha Painting and Construction Co., Inc. v. United States Third Circuit 2024-02-22 Judgment Issued Amici (4)Relisted (3) civil-rights commercial-exchange contract contract-law due-process mail-fraud property property-rights sovereign-interest wire-fraud Whether deception to induce a commercial exchange can constitute mail or wire fraud, even if inflicting economic harm on the alleged victim was not th…
23-6478 Michael Alan Welker v. United States Eighth Circuit 2024-01-12 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-rights criminal-indictment deception due-process eighth-circuit fraud mail-fraud marital-property marriage property wire-fraud Whether a husband's actions in deceiving his wife regarding marital property constitutes federal mail and wire fraud?
23-5703 Festus Okwudili Ohan v. ABN AMRO, et al. Ninth Circuit 2023-10-03 Denied Relisted (2)IFP civil-liberties civil-rights conspiracy constitutional-rights due-process judicial-procedure legal-interpretation property property-rights takings tax-assessment Question not identified.
22-1242 Jon McClelland v. Dr. Jack Chapman, M.D. Colorado 2023-06-27 Denied 14th-amendment 42-usc-1983 civil-rights constitutional-interpretation contract due-process judicial-immunity property property-interest state-law 1. Is a Complaint a cognizable 'three-party ' Contract (simple or specialty, and ultimately of record, i.e. judgment), between the State and the pa…
22-7835 Francisco Antonio Cordova v. Maria Luisa Camacho California 2023-06-21 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP bankruptcy-discharge child-support civil-procedure civil-rights creditor-harassment due-process judicial-misconduct notice property property-rights right-to-be-heard Can the Los Angeles Superior Court deny an American Citizen their Due Process rights to adequate notice and the right to be heard when depriving them …
22-7196 Arthur Scott Prelle v. Chief Executive Officer of New Jersey, et al. Third Circuit 2023-04-05 Denied Response WaivedIFP certificate-of-credit civil-procedure due-process equity equity-rights personal-property property property-ownership res-judicata standing 1) Will the US Federal Courts allow USA certificate of full faith and credit, personal property and equitable interest to be dissipated or destroyed w…
22-7019 In Re James C. Winding 2023-03-15 Dismissed Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP civil-procedure civil-rights due-process property standing takings Whether Petitioner was Convicted, and Petitioner was Never Legally Indicted for Kidnapping and Sexual Battery for Which Petitioner was Convicted, beca…
22-6330 Billy Ray Jackson v. Bryan Daniel, et al. Fifth Circuit 2022-12-19 Denied Response WaivedIFP administrative-review civil-rights due-process fourteenth-amendment individual-capacity liberty property section-1983 sovereign-immunity state-action unemployment-benefits Whether petitioner Billy Ray Jackson's allegations in his 42 U.S.C. 1983 complaint brought against the respondent(s) state official(s) of the Texas Wo…
22-5663 Danny Terron Roney v. United States Fourth Circuit 2022-09-22 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-procedure civil-rights constitutional-interpretation contract-rights due-process legal-procedure property sovereign-rights standing takings witness-testimony 1.) Who owns the Dollar General Scores corporation? 2) Did the AUSA investigate who owns that franchise that was claiming to have been robbe^? 3) Wh…
22-5633 James Blessing v. Nick Hoffman, et al. New Jersey 2022-09-20 Denied IFP 14th-amendment administrative-action communication-ban constitutional-rights due-process equal-protection liberty property property-rights slander Without any due process nor hearing, should two lower level administrators be premitted to sabatoge an Appellant throughout the lower Court by bannin…
22-214 Allana Baroni v. David Seror, Chapter 7 Trustee, et al. Ninth Circuit 2022-09-08 Denied Response Waived bankruptcy bankruptcy-property-title chapter-11 chapter-11-conversion chapter-7 conversion debtor-rights estate-property ninth-circuit-interpretation property statutory-interpretation title Because Congress stated in clear language that a confirmed Chapter 11 debtor retains title to property after her plan is confirmed, did the Ninth Circ…
22-5386 Pamela Bond v. McKean County, Pennsylvania Third Circuit 2022-08-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-rights due-process judicial-interpretation pennsylvania-law property property-tax real-estate real-estate-law tax-assessment tax-delinquency taxation vehicle-transfer The 2005 Dodge Caravan owned by the Petitioner in this case was still registered in the State of Pennsylvania when she signed it over to Bednar Metals…
22-5370 In Re Rodney Allen Bey 2022-08-17 Denied IFP 13th-amendment civil-rights constitutional-rights denationalization due-process property racial-classification slave-status slavery 1) WHAT BRANCH OF LAW AUTHORIZED* STATES TO APPLY ABOLISHED SLAVE LABELS(Ni:GRO., BLACK, COLORED) TO ANY PERSON OF AFRICAN DESCENT AFTER 1865? THIS RE…
22-86 Charles Chavez v. United States Tenth Circuit 2022-07-29 Denied atm bank-robbery criminal-law custody customer federal-statute force-and-coercion property property-theft statutory-interpretation Whether a person violates this provision by forcing a bank customer to withdraw the customer's money from an ATM in order to take the money from the c…
21-7845 Jennifer C. Rundle v. Windsor Manor, Inc. Virginia 2022-05-11 Denied Response WaivedIFP amended-petition circuit-court civil-procedure due-process liberty liberty-interest motion-to-compel precedent property property-rights state-action A. Should the Norfolk Circuit Court have GRANTED the petitioner's Motion to Compel Discovery and Continue the Trial , to ensure access to Due Process …
21-1169 Alain Kaloyeros v. United States Second Circuit 2022-02-24 GVR Relisted (3) circuit-split mail-fraud mcnally-doctrine property property-fraud right-to-control scotus statutory-interpretation wire-fraud Is the deprivation of accurate information regarding a transaction, without more, "property" under the wire fraud statute (18 U.S.C. § 1348), as the S…
21-1151 Arthur O. Armstrong v. School District of Philadelphia Third Circuit 2022-02-22 Denied Relisted (2) civil-rights collective-bargaining constitutional-rights due-process employment-termination fourteenth-amendment procedural-fairness property reinstatement 1. Whether Respondent School District of Philadelphia, on August 25,1992, discharged appellant Arthur O. Armstrong, without just cause, without a hear…
21-5471 Lonnie Kade Welsh v. Correct Care Recovery Solutions, et al. Fifth Circuit 2021-08-24 Denied IFP civil-rights constitutional-protections due-process liberty privileges-immunities pro-se-litigation property psychological-injury sexual-violent-predator state-sovereignty Does petitioner retain any rights, if so, what are they, and by what standard should they be judged? 2. Does the privileges and immunities clause imp…
21-5461 Tyrone Felder v. United States Second Circuit 2021-08-24 Denied IFP 18-usc-924(c)(3)(A) cell-site-evidence crime-of-violence hobbs-act intangible-asset new-york-robbery physical-force property statutory-interpretation 1. Is Hobbs Act violence a "crime of violence" under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A)? Under the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), an offense quali…
21-30 Cammie L. Marceaux v. Tiffany & Bosco, P.A., et al. Arizona 2021-07-09 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2) civil-rights due-process equal-protection foreclosure-challenge just-compensation mortgage-transfer property property-rights standing takings The Questions Presented for review of this Court of last resort. Has the Only Power Enlisted in it to rule upon the Land and the Law 's of this Land t…
20-8187 Christopher Takhvar v. Florida Florida 2021-06-01 Denied IFP 4th-amendment 5th-amendment civil-rights due-process property seizure Question not identified.
20-1421 Paul Ballerstein, et ux. v. Penelope McHatten, et al. Maine 2021-04-09 Denied Response Waived civil-procedure civil-rights court-discretion due-process judicial-bias property property-rights standing statutory-interpretation statutory-requirements In this civil case, Maine courts deprived the defendants of their property, after concluding that the facts "foreclose " doing so. The trial court fou…
20-1406 Arthur O. Armstrong v. North Carolina, et al. North Carolina 2021-04-07 Denied civil-rights conspiracy due-process gross-negligence land-dispute negligence official-discrimination property property-rights will-interpretation 1. Whether respondent, Charles Farris, acted with gross negligence to deprive appellant of his 8468 Orchard Road farm house and % acre of land when ap…
20-7027 Susanne Stephanie Nikola Kynast v. Florida Florida 2021-02-03 Denied IFP civil-rights custodia-legis due-process evidence evidence-custodian motion-to-suppress nolle-prosequi property property-seizure search-and-seizure writ-of-mandamus Is Petitioner entitled to the return of property taken as evidence without a warrant and held in custodia legis subsequent to a motion to suppress in …
20-694 Eagle Cove Camp & Conference Center, Inc., et al. v. Town of Woodboro, Wisconsin, et al. Wisconsin 2020-11-19 Denied Response Waived due-process equal-protection federal-law judicial-review notice procedural-due-process property property-rights religious-exercise sanctions sua-sponte sua-sponte-analysis 1) Did the Wisconsin Court of Appeals Deprive and Did the Wisconsin Supreme Court's Refusal to Accept the Case for Review Permit the Deprivation of Pe…
20-545 Barbara D. Terrell v. John Lewis Renner, II West Virginia 2020-10-26 Denied appellate-procedure civil-rights domestic-relations-exception due-process equal-protection fourteenth-amendment marital-assets notice privileges-immunities property 1) Whether the customarily recognized domestic relations exception for federal and state jurisdiction applies where a state appellate court of last re…
20-323 John S. Barth v. City of Peabody, Massachusetts First Circuit 2020-09-11 Denied Response Waived civil-procedure civil-rights compensation due-process equal-protection fifth-amendment municipal-ordinance property property-rights regulatory-taking takings 1. Did municipal denial of permission to rebuild a home effect a taking of private property, where an ex post facto ordinance prohibited all other eco…
20-5438 Michael Robinson v. Geisinger Hospital, et al. Third Circuit 2020-08-21 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-procedure civil-rights due-process property standing takings Question not identified.
20-107 Cedar Point Nursery, et al. v. Victoria Hassid, et al. Ninth Circuit 2020-08-03 Judgment Issued Amici (40)Relisted (2) agricultural agricultural-access civil-rights due-process eminent-domain fifth-amendment labor-regulation labor-relations property property-rights takings takings-clause California law forces agricultural businesses to allow labor organizers onto their property three times a day for 120 days each year. The regulation p…
19-8383 Luis A. Soro v. Pedro Lopez Florida 2020-05-01 Dismissed Relisted (2)IFP appellate-procedure civil-procedure due-process judicial-review material-facts notice notice-requirement property standing summary-judgment trial-court-discretion Question not identified.
19-7836 Tajuddin Salahuddin v. United States Fifth Circuit 2020-03-03 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-rights criminal-forfeiture criminal-procedure due-process federal-statute property property-rights property-seizure restitution restitution-lien seizure third-party third-party-rights 1) When the United States of America seizes innocent third-party property and cash; applies 21 U.S.C 853 to forfeit the property but applies a separat…
19-7762 Galen LeMar Amerson, et al. v. Atlas Law Firm, P.C., et al. Colorado 2020-02-25 Denied Response WaivedIFP 14th-amendment 6th-amendment civil-contempt civil-liberties constitutional-rights due-process hearing hearing-requirements judicial-procedure judicial-sanctions kidnapping liberty property warrantless-search If the right to a hearing, is assured under due process, according to the 6th and 14th amendments, before a person can be deprived of life, liberty or…
19-7351 In Re Alphonza Leonard Phillip Thomas Bey 2020-01-21 Denied Response WaivedIFP 13th-14th-15th-amendments 14th-amendment-property 8th-amendment-cruel-and-unusual-punishment amendment-interpretation black-negro-colored-citizenship citizenship citizenship-status civil-rights constitutional-jurisdiction due-process federal-court-jurisdiction federal-questions-28-usc-1331-1332 jurisdiction moorish-american-national property racial-identity-rights standing 1. Do the United Siates Constiiution, the United States Congress and/or the Constitution of the State of North Carolina have Averoment of Jurisdiction…
19-7186 James R. Young v. United States, et al. Eleventh Circuit 2020-01-06 Dismissed Response WaivedIFP bivens bivens-claim civil-rights due-process federal-courts federal-review fifth-amendment in-forma-pauperis inmate-rights property property-theft standing (1) - Did the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals abuse Petitioner's 5th Amendment due process right to be heard on his Bivens claim on appeal by summa…
19-7152 Allan M. Leavitt v. Cynthia A. Phillips, et al. Massachusetts 2020-01-03 Denied Response WaivedIFP choice-of-law civil-rights constitutional-interpretation contract-enforcement contract-law declaratory-judgment due-process interstate-dispute judicial-procedure massachusetts property property-rights property-rights-deprivation standing state-interest vermont 1)Did Massachusetts deprive a Vermont citizen the fundamental right to property without a compelling state interest by refusing to enforce its substan…
19-782 Vahan Kelerchian v. United States Seventh Circuit 2019-12-18 Denied carpenter criminal-prosecution mail-fraud mcnally property regulatory-authority right-to-control statutory-interpretation wire-fraud 1. Does the "right to control" constitute "property" for purposes of wire and mail fraud in light of this Court's holding in McNally, Carpenter, Cleve…
19-6786 Carol Johnene Morris v. United States Fifth Circuit 2019-11-27 Dismissed Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP civil-rights constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process government-action habeas-corpus ineffective-assistance-of-counsel judicial-review property sentencing standing takings Whether the Western District of Texas' District Courts lawfully uses Carol Johnene Morris, C# 57931, 1988 for conviction to try granted home confineme…
19-5887 Arthur O. Armstrong v. John Doe Fourth Circuit 2019-09-10 Dismissed IFP civil-procedure civil-procedure-rule-60-b-6 conspiracy constitutional-rights disclosure-of-corporate-affiliation due-process fourteenth-amendment fourth-amendment liberty probable-cause property rule-60 standing Whether Petitioner is entitled to relief, pursuant to Rule 60 (b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Whether petitioner was deprived of libe…
19-5886 Arthur O. Armstrong v. North Carolina, et al. Fourth Circuit 2019-09-10 Dismissed IFP civil-procedure civil-procedure-rule-60-b-6 conspiracy constitutional-rights due-process federal-rules-of-civil-procedure fourteenth-amendment fourth-amendment liberty probable-cause property rule-60 Whether Petitioner is entitled to relief, pursuant to Rule 60 (b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Whether petitioner was deprived of libe…
19-5881 Arthur O. Armstrong v. Virginia, et al. Fourth Circuit 2019-09-10 Dismissed IFP 14th-amendment 4th-amendment civil-procedure civil-procedure-rule-60-b-6 constitutional-rights due-process fourteenth-amendment fourth-amendment liberty property rule-60 Whether Petitioner is entitled to relief, pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or any relief. Whether Petitioner was dep…
19-5285 Daniel Luke Meier v. Amanda M. Berger, et al. Michigan 2019-07-24 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP 14th-amendment 42-U.S.C.-1983 42-usc-1983 5th-amendment circuit-court civil-rights civil-rights-42-usc-1983 constitutional-rights default-judgment due-process property property-rights state-law Did the Circuit Court err in failing to complete the default process against Allstate Property and Casualty Insurance Company under color of state law…
19-5213 Arthur O. Armstrong v. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania Third Circuit 2019-07-17 Dismissed Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP 14th-amendment 4th-amendment civil-procedure civil-procedure-rule-60-b-6 constitutional-rights due-process fourteenth-amendment fourth-amendment liberty property rule-60b6 Whether Petitioner is entitled to relief, pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or any relief. Whether Petitioner was dep…
19-21 Gregory Owens v. United States First Circuit 2019-07-03 Denied Response Waived 4th-amendment civil-rights constitutional-protection due-process fourth-amendment law-enforcement-procedure property property-rights search search-and-seizure standing warrant warrant-requirement Does the Fourth Amendment protect a person's property from a search without a warrant?
18-1552 Henry P. Alfano and William Hird v. United States Third Circuit 2019-06-19 Denied Response Waived criminal-law criminal-procedure criminal-statute due-process federalism mail-fraud property property-rights statutory-interpretation traffic-tickets unadjudicated-charges unadjudicated-tickets wire-fraud Does the potential for collection of fines and costs which may become due to the state from unadjudicated traffic tickets, on which there has yet been…
18-9216 Klark Deziray Hopkins v. California California 2019-05-09 Denied Response WaivedIFP appeal appeal-waiver constitutional-rights due-process fourteenth-amendment ineffective-assistance liberty plea-agreement presumption-against-waiver property right-to-appeal 1. Do the presumption against waiver of fundamental constitutional rights and the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause's guaranty against deprivati…
18-1373 Gene Rechtzigel v. City of Apple Valley, Minnesota Minnesota 2019-05-01 Denied Response Waived civil-procedure civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process eminent-domain government-action liberty property property-rights standing takings trial-by-jury I. Did the Government deprive Petitioner of Liberty, without Due Process of Law? II. Did the Government deprive Petitioner of Property, without Due P…
18-1149 George A. Gallenthin, III v. Borough of Paulsboro, et al. New Jersey 2019-03-05 Denied 14th-amendment 5th-amendment civil-rights due-process eminent-domain Fifth-Amendment Fourteenth-Amendment just-compensation procedural-due-process property property-rights state-action takings What protection do citizens of the United States enjoy under the Fifth Amendment's just compensation requirement in conjunction with the Fourteenth Am…
18-1059 Bridget Anne Kelly v. United States Third Circuit 2019-02-13 Judgment Issued Amici (4)Relisted (3) decision-making due-process fraud government government-fraud government-property legal-interpretation official-decision policy-reason property public-official public-policy subjective-intent Does a public official "defraud" the government of its property by advancing a "public policy reason" for an official decision that is not her subject…
18-982 In Re Beverly L. Hennager, et al. 2019-01-29 Denied civil-procedure civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process equal-protection limited-partnership mandamus non-discretionary-action pre-filing-injunction property property-rights sanctions standing writ-of-appeal Whether the enforcement of an appellant mandate affirming the plain, unambiguous language of a previous order compelling specific non-discretionary ac…
18-946 Abigail Arroyo v. Angel M. Torres-Sanchez, et al. First Circuit 2019-01-18 Denied abuse-of-discretion civil-procedure civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process federal-jurisdiction fifth-amendment judicial-discretion property property-rights public-interest standing takings By their deceit, abuse of discretion and unjust "fast track" imposed burden, Respondents violated the Petitioner's rights to life, liberty, pursuit of…
18-7205 In Re Arthur O. Armstrong 2019-01-02 Dismissed Response WaivedIFP civil-procedure civil-procedure-rule-60 due-process fourteenth-amendment fourth-amendment liberty liberty-interest property rule-60 standing Whether Petitioner is entitled to relief, pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Whether Petitioner was deprived of liber…
18-787 Robert Lee Rhoe, II v. Montgomery County Office of Child Support Enforcement Maryland 2018-12-20 Denied Response Waived 13th-amendment child-support civil-rights dna dna-rights due-process economic-enslavement liberty paternity-testing property takings thirteenth-amendment Does MCOCSE and the Maryland Courts have jurisdiction and legal authority to intervene on behalf of a foreign person illegally present in the United S…
18-758 Johnnie C. Ivy, III, et al. v. H. Thomas Moran, II Sixth Circuit 2018-12-13 Denied civil-procedure-due-process civil-rights district-court-jurisdiction due-process life-insurance ownership-claims predeprivation-hearing property property-rights receivership standing vested-interest vested-interests viatical-investment Petitioners are investors, or survivors of investors, who purchased shares in the death benefits of an individual, Mr. Jordan's, life insurance polici…
18-6628 Cornelius Clemons v. John Kasich, Governor of Ohio Ohio 2018-11-08 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-procedure-standing-due-process-takings-prop civil-rights due-process mandamus ohio-constitution property takings Question not identified.
18-530 Congregation Jeshuat Israel v. Congregation Shearith Israel First Circuit 2018-10-24 Denied Amici (2)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) charitable-trusts diversity-jurisdiction erie-doctrine establishment-clause evidence federalism free-exercise free-exercise-clause personal-property property property-dispute religious-liberty secular-evidence trust trust-law 1. In ordinary trust and property disputes does the Establishment Clause preclude courts from considering secular evidence that is relevant and admiss…
18-6242 Billy Wayne Locke v. United States Sixth Circuit 2018-10-09 Denied Response WaivedIFP 4th-amendment 5th-amendment civil-rights due-process property-rights takings civil-rights compensation due-process property seizure takings The Fed. gavetnmant The RighT am cF My Property Thay hale posgessicy search Mnarrawt anod The Fedigou Deny Thet S For TaTe p2k.18820 waS GM AT.F. AgN…
18-5890 Mark D. Whitfield v. United States Fifth Circuit 2018-09-06 Denied Response WaivedIFP appellate-review certificate-of-appealability circuit-split criminal-law force hobbs-act property robbery statutory-interpretation supreme-court use-of-force violent-crime Whether jurists of reason could debate whether robbery under the Hobbs Act possesses the use, attempted use, or threatened use of force against the pe…
18-5894 Lawrence Eugene Shaw v. United States Ninth Circuit 2018-09-05 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-1344 bank-fraud jury jury-instructions legal-interest legal-property-interest mixed-question mixed-question-of-law-and-fact property trial-court The Court previously considered this case in Shaw v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 462 (2016), where it held that a scheme to defraud a financial institut…
18-5282 Perry V. Moss v. Workers' Compensation Appeals Board, et al. California 2018-07-20 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-rights constitutional-rights disability-rating due-process equal-protection life-pension occupational-variant property statutory-conduct takings workers-compensation Question not identified.
18-5205 Tony D. Littles v. Trudie Roundtree Florida 2018-07-12 Denied IFP civil-rights due-process equal-protection jurisdiction property property-rights standing takings Question not identified.