robbery

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Case Title Lower Court Docketed Status Flags Tags Question Presented
24-5533 Clint Monroe Utter v. United States Fourth Circuit 2024-09-12 Denied Response WaivedIFP abduction base-offense-level carjacking firearm-enhancement robbery sentencing-guidelines 1. Whether the district court erred in denying Utter's objection to the United States Probation Officer's 5 level enhancement to his base offense leve…
24-260 Anthony Pandrella v. United States Second Circuit 2024-09-09 Denied Response Waived criminal-law federal-jurisdiction hobbs-act interstate-commerce loansharking robbery Whether the robbery of a loanshark could have an effect on interstate commerce sufficient to establish federal jurisdiction under the Hobbs Act (18 U.…
24-5050 Juan Marquis Holiday v. United States Ninth Circuit 2024-07-11 Denied Response WaivedIFP aiding-and-abetting crime-of-violence criminal-law hobbs-act robbery sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation united-states-v-taylor Following this Court's decision in United States v. Taylor, 142 S. Ct. 2015 (2020) does aiding and abetting a completed robbery constitute a crime of …
23A726 Juan Marquis Holiday v. United States Ninth Circuit 2024-02-06 Presumed Complete aiding-and-abetting appellate-review circuit-split crime-of-violence robbery sentencing-enhancement Question not identified.
23-6679 Quaysean Tikii Williams v. Oklahoma Oklahoma 2024-02-06 Denied IFP conspiracy criminal-procedure due-process evidence firearm jackson-v-virginia robbery sufficiency-of-evidence Whether the evidence was sufficient under Jackson v. Virginia, 99 S.Ct. 2781 (1979), to support petitioner's conviction for conspiracy to commit robbe…
23-6477 Jamaile L. Huey v. United States Fourth Circuit 2024-01-12 Denied Response WaivedIFP borden-v-united-states crime-of-violence criminal-law federal-jurisdiction fourth-circuit mens-rea robbery robbery-statute sentencing sentencing-guidelines violent-crime Whether a state robbery conviction, sustained under a statute without a specified mens rea for the element of violence or threat of violence, but with…
23-5546 Richard Sansbury v. United States Fifth Circuit 2023-09-08 Denied Response WaivedIFP abduction circuit-split criminal-law definitional-analysis location-change robbery sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation victim-movement The meaning of "abducted" as used in United States Sentencing Guideline § 2B3.1(b)(4) and elsewhere throughout the Sentencing Guidelines is the subjec…
22-1190 Lavelle Hatley v. United States Seventh Circuit 2023-06-08 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) armed-career-criminal-act categorical-approach circuit-split extortion hobbs-act robbery takings violent-felony Under the mandated categorical approach, a prior conviction falls within the Armed Career Criminal Act's ("ACCA") definition of "violent felony" only …
22-7258 Brian Marc Fraser v. United States Fifth Circuit 2023-04-12 Denied IFP aggravated-robbery amendment commission-amendment criminal-classification due-process enumerated-offense robbery robbery-definition sentencing-commission sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation L. Whether there is a reasonable probability of a different result if the court of appeals were permitted to consider the Commission's Proposed Amendm…
22-5976 Ricky Pendleton v. Donnie Ames, Superintendent, Mount Olive Correctional Complex West Virginia 2022-11-04 Dismissed Response WaivedIFP constructive-amendment criminal-procedure double-jeopardy fifth-amendment grand-jury ineffective-assistance-of-counsel ineffective-counsel jurisdiction malicious-assault robbery sixth-amendment Under the Constructive Amendment, any substantial amendment, direct or indirect, of an indictment must be resubmitted to the grand jury. Pendleton new…
22-5437 Justin Cornelius Harris v. United States Fifth Circuit 2022-08-24 Denied Response WaivedIFP circuit-split criminal-definition criminal-law due-process force-intimidation generic-robbery judicial-interpretation property-rights property-taking robbery statutory-interpretation Whether generic robbery requires the taking of property from another person or from the immediate presence of another person by force or by intimidati…
22-5404 Charles Anthony Walker, Jr. v. United States Fourth Circuit 2022-08-19 Denied IFP abduction abduction-definition circuit-split criminal-law criminal-procedure fourth-circuit hobbs-act robbery sentencing-enhancement sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation united-states-sentencing-guidelines (1) Whether movement of an employee within the confines of a store qualifies as abduction under U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(4)(A)
22-5278 Jordan Jenkins v. United States Fifth Circuit 2022-08-03 Denied Response WaivedIFP appellate-conflict circuit-split criminal-definition criminal-law due-process force force-or-intimidation intimidation property-rights property-taking robbery statutory-interpretation Whether generic robbery requires the taking of property from another person or from the immediate presence of an-other person by force or by intimidat…
21-7586 Jaako Williams v. United States Fifth Circuit 2022-04-11 Denied Response WaivedIFP crime-of-violence criminal-law federal-sentencing generic-offense robbery sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation texas-penal-code texas-robbery violent-crime Whether Texas robbery, a crime defined differently than similarly named crimes in a majority of states, is a crime of violence under the United States…
21-7176 Leandra Marrio Chisholm, Jr. v. United States Sixth Circuit 2022-02-23 Denied Response WaivedIFP commerce-clause constitutional-challenge criminal-law due-process federal-jurisdiction federal-offense jurisdictional-clause robbery statutory-interpretation vagueness I. Is an Interference of Commerce by Robbery conviction for the robbery of a single retail store beyond the scope of the Commerce Clause of the United…
21-6794 John W. Winningham, Jr. v. City of Broken Arrow, Oklahoma Tenth Circuit 2022-01-10 Denied Response WaivedIFP civil-rights constitutional-rights due-process employment-rights federal-action federal-civil-rights-act kidnapping kidnapping-robbery property-rights robbery section-1983 Title 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 Federal Protected Civil Rights, Liberties, Property and Employment Rights Action When did kidnapping and robbery become L…
21-6642 Tre Reshawn Tate v. United States Sixth Circuit 2021-12-16 Denied Response WaivedIFP application-note criminal-law dangerous-weapon judicial-deference kisor-v-wilkie possession robbery sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation Is the application note defining "dangerous weapon" overly broad under Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400 (2019) by defining "possession" of a "dangerou…
21-5457 Brian Fierro v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-08-24 Denied IFP actus-reus circuit-interpretation criminal-law hobbs-act physical-force plain-language robbery robbery-statute statutory-construction statutory-interpretation violent-physical-force By its plain language, Hobbs Act robbery does not require as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use, of violent physical force. The plai…
21-5057 Lance Lamont Lavert v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-07-09 Denied IFP circuit-split crime-of-violence criminal-law federal-criminal-law federal-jurisdiction hobbs-act property-rights robbery statutory-interpretation violent-crime Should this Court mend the circuit split about whether a Hobbs Act robbery is necessarily violent as the Ninth and eight other circuits have held, or …
21-5044 Ncholeion Kashana Hollie v. United States Fifth Circuit 2021-07-08 Denied Response WaivedIFP abduction abduction-definition change-in-location circuit-split criminal-procedure federal-sentencing robbery robbery-enhancement sentencing-guidelines ussg-2b3.1 Under Section 2B3.1 (b)(4)(A) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines ("USSG"), courts apply a four-level increase to the offense level for Robbery…
20-8275 Paul Xavier Espinoza v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-06-10 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2)IFP actus-reus circuit-split criminal-law hobbs-act plain-language robbery robbery-definition statutory-interpretation violent-physical-force By its plain language, Hobbs Act robbery does not require as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use, of violent physical force. The plai…
20-7984 Eddie Lamont Lipscomb v. United States Fifth Circuit 2021-05-11 GVR IFP armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split civil-rights due-process physical-contact physical-force robbery texas-penal-code use-of-force violent-felony 1. Whether simple robbery under Texas Penal Code § 29.02 remains a "violent felony" without the Armed Career Criminal Act's unconstitutional residual …
20-7404 De Andre Smith v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2021-03-10 Denied Response WaivedIFP commerce-clause criminal-prosecution federal-jurisdiction hobbs-act individual-victim interstate-commerce intra-state-robbery mandatory-sentencing robbery software-purchase Whether the intra-state robbery of an individual satisfies the interstate commerce nexus sufficient for a Hobbs Act prosecution merely because the ind…
20-7400 Drashawn Bartlett v. Anna Valentine, Warden Sixth Circuit 2021-03-10 Denied Response WaivedIFP 28-usc-2253 double-jeopardy felony-murder fifth-amendment harris-precedent harris-v-oklahoma robbery sixth-circuit In a case involving the substantive offenses of murder and robbery, can the offense of robbery be included as an element in a felony murder instructio…
20-6969 Barto Edward Usry, Jr. v. United States Fifth Circuit 2021-01-28 Denied Response WaivedIFP acca armed-career-criminal-act armed-robbery business-burglary johnson-ruling mississippi-state-convictions resentencing robbery section-2255 sentencing violent-felony Whether Mr. Usry is entitled to resentencing without applying the ACCA because post-Johnson (2015), he no longer has three prior qualifying "violent f…
20-6754 Alford Donta Tarpley v. United States Fifth Circuit 2021-01-04 Denied IFP borden-v-united-states burris-v-united-states crime-of-violence criminal-law federal-sentencing precedent robbery sentencing sentencing-guidelines texas-law ussg-4b1.2 Whether the Texas offense of robbery by injury constitutes a "crime of violence" under USSG §4B1.2?
20-6314 Jovon Antoine McClures v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2020-11-13 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act drug-offense knowledge-requirement physical-force robbery robbery-offense snatching statutory-interpretation violent-felony I. Does a state robbery offense that may be committed through mere snatching "have as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical…
20-6269 Gilbert Montrez Gardner v. Maryland Maryland 2020-11-12 Denied Response WaivedIFP case-review certiorari court-of-appeals felony-murder legal-remand mens-rea robbery rosemond-precedent rosemond-v-united-states sufficiency-of-evidence supreme-court-review THIS COURT SHOULD GRANT CERTIORARI VACATE THE DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND AND REMAND TO THAT COURT IN LIGHT OF THIS COURT'S DECISION …
20-6137 Arvester Lamonica Anderson v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2020-10-27 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act drug-offense force knowledge-requirement physical-force robbery robbery-offense snatching statutory-interpretation violent-felony I. Does a state robbery offense that may be committed through mere snatching "have as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical…
20-6041 Raymond Lewis Perry v. United States Fourth Circuit 2020-10-15 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP civil-rights constitutional-rights criminal-procedure criminal-sentencing due-process equal-protection first-stage-proceeding robbery sentencing sentencing-hearing statutory-interpretation Question not identified.
20-5809 Albert Martinez v. United States Tenth Circuit 2020-09-25 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act burglary-statute criminal-sentencing force reasonable-fear robbery robbery-force statutory-interpretation stokeling stokeling-definition 1. Whether the definition of force adopted in Stokeling for robbery eschews a requirement that any fear produced by a threat of force be reasonable? …
20-5798 Jose Velasquez v. United States Tenth Circuit 2020-09-24 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act common-law constructive-force robbery tenth-circuit violent-felony In Stokeling v. United States, 139 S.Ct. 544 (2019) this Court determined that the definition of robbery contained in the Armed Career Criminal Act (A…
20-5620 Ivan Soto-Barraza and Jesus Lionel Sanchez-Meza v. United States Ninth Circuit 2020-09-09 Denied Response WaivedIFP consent conspiracy constructive-amendment criminal-procedure extortion hobbs-act jury-instructions robbery The Hobbs Act defines extortion, in relevant part, as requiring the wrongful use of violence or fear in order to induce a person to consent to part wi…
20-5535 Randy Platt v. United States Tenth Circuit 2020-08-27 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act career-offender common-law common-law-definition elements-clause physical-force robbery robbery-statute sentencing-guidelines united-states-sentencing-commission In Stokeling v. United States, 139 S.Ct. 544 (2029), this Court reviewed whether Florida's robbery statute required a level of force necessary to qual…
20-5006 Manuel Olivas-Guevara v. United States Fifth Circuit 2020-07-09 Denied Response WaivedIFP abduction appeal appeal-timeliness base-offense-level civil-procedure dismissal district-court jurisdiction robbery sentencing-guidelines standing timeliness 1) DID THE PANEL ERR BY DISMISSING THE APPEAL FOR TIMELINESS? 2) DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR BY AFFIRMING THE DISTRICT COURT'S DECISION TO INCREASE MI…
19-8568 James Stephen Thorpe v. United States Fourth Circuit 2020-05-29 Denied Response WaivedIFP conspiracy criminal-prosecution due-process hobbs-act home-invasion interstate-commerce private-residence robbery targeting-rule Whether the United States Court of Appeals properly held that there exists an interstate commerce connection for a prosecution under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 an…
19-8466 Branch William Niehouse v. Brigitte Amsberry Ninth Circuit 2020-05-14 Denied Response WaivedIFP criminal-law evidence force legal-sufficiency lost-and-found property-rights robbery robbery-evidence speculative-testimony trespass trespassing use-of-force Would reasonable jurists debate whether the evidence of robbery was legally sufficient when the only evidence that Mr. Niehouse's threatened use of fo…
19-8409 Thanksnieky Phuong v. Rick Hill, Warden Ninth Circuit 2020-05-07 Denied IFP asportation criminal-procedure due-process exculpatory-evidence factual-innocence insufficient-evidence kidnapping robbery WHETHER THE PEOPLE SUBMITTED INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE THAT PETITIONER COMMITTED A KIDNAPPING FOR ROBBERY, AND SINCE THE CONVICT - HERE VIOLATES PETITIONE…
19-1264 Doncey Frank Boykin v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2020-05-04 Denied armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split elements-clause minimal-contact physical-force robbery robbery-offense state-law violent-felony Whether a state law robbery offense that extends to mere snatchings—involving only minimal physical contact with the victim—lacks the requisite degree…
19-7971 William L. Lewis v. Illinois Illinois 2020-03-12 Denied Response WaivedIFP bias burden-of-proof criminal-procedure due-process judicial-error prejudice prior-convictions reasonable-doubt robbery sentencing sufficiency-of-evidence 1. Did the trial Code And The Appellate Court error within entering a finding of quilt On a Single count Robbery when the government Cid net Prove pet…
19-7653 Roosevelt Bigbee, Jr. v. Jonathan Lebo, Warden Tennessee 2020-02-12 Denied Response WaivedIFP 5th-amendment constructive-amendment conviction criminal-attempt criminal-procedure due-process felony-murder indictment plea-agreement robbery statute testimony Whether the admission of the plea agreement test mony evidence, of felony murder in the Perpetration of a robbery Included Tenn 3a-12-101 Criminal att…
19-7472 Tymaine Akeen Lewis v. United States Fifth Circuit 2020-01-29 Denied IFP 18-usc-924(e) armed-career-criminal armed-career-criminal-act categorical-approach controlled-substance drug-offense firearm-possession prior-conviction qualifying-offense robbery statutory-interpretation texas-robbery violent Whether Petitioner is an Armed Career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)?
19-7423 Adam Lee Hamilton v. Eileen Ramey, Warden Missouri 2020-01-27 Denied IFP criminal-law federal-jurisdiction government-property preemption property-theft robbery state-prosecution statutory-interpretation theft united-states-government Do the provisions of 18 U.S.C. §2112, 28 U.S.C. §2114, 28 U.S.C. §8 and 7 U.S.C. §2024(D) reserve jurisdiction for the prosecution of such a criminal…
19-7285 In Re Lawone Wilkinson 2020-01-14 Denied IFP auto-repair-laws business-dispute-criminal-case constitutional-conflict criminal-conviction deceptive-testimony diligence-and-cause habeas-corpus mandated-compliance new-evidence possession-property-interests pro-se-prisoner robbery robbery-elements state-federal-laws unconstitutional-error The auto repair LAWS: 9884.16 and 9884.9; CONFLICTS and INVALIDATES the ELEMENTS of ROBBERY, specifically forces the auto repair shop TOO FORFEIT thei…
19-7178 Tracy Jarvis Allen v. United States Fourth Circuit 2020-01-06 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act armed-robbery fourth-circuit fourth-circuit-precedent johnson-claim johnson-v-united-states robbery sentencing-enhancement sixth-amendment south-carolina standard-of-review Whether oJL not the District Court erred in determining that Petitioner Allen's South Carolina Armed Robbery convictions are valid predicates under th…
19-7062 Florentino Villanueva, Jr. v. United States Tenth Circuit 2019-12-26 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act common-law common-law-principles criminal-law criminal-sentencing force force-element predicate-conviction robbery robbery-statute statutory-interpretation Does a robbery statute qualify as a predicate conviction under the Armed Career Criminal Act when the force can be employed after the taking of the pr…
19-6108 Corey Kidd v. United States Eighth Circuit 2019-10-01 Denied IFP 18-usc-924 aiding-and-abetting controlled-substances crime-of-violence criminal-law physical-force robbery statutory-interpretation I. Did the court below err in finding that the offense of aiding and abetting robbery of controlled substances qualifies as a crime of violence under …
19-5993 Mabon Demetric James v. Marcus Pollard, Warden Ninth Circuit 2019-09-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process evidence fourteenth-amendment insufficient-evidence robbery standing takings Was Mabon James convicted of the robbery of Marta Parfeta in violation of his Fourteenth Amendment due process rights despite constitutionally insuffi…
19-5645 Thomas Potts v. California California 2019-08-20 Denied IFP burden-of-proof criminal-procedure due-process jury-instruction jury-instructions possession-of-stolen-property reasonable-doubt robbery robbery-murder theft Where a criminal defendant is charged with robbery (and thus death-eligible robbery-murder) and the jury must decide whether the prosecution proved ro…
19-5024 William Thrower v. United States Second Circuit 2019-07-01 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act categorical-approach elements-based-inquiry elements-clause new-york-penal-law realistic-probability-test robbery sentencing-enhancement violent-felony Subdivision 1 of New York's Penal Law § 70.02 lists by class (from Class B to Class E) all Penal Law offenses defined as "violent felony" offenses; su…
18-8931 Tajie Coleman v. United States Second Circuit 2019-04-22 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split criminal-law due-process elements-clause new-york-state-law physical-force robbery statutory-interpretation Whether the New York State offense of robbery "has, as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of an…
18-8601 Tommy Nelson, Jr. v. United States Fifth Circuit 2019-03-29 Denied Response WaivedIFP circuit-split criminal-intent criminal-sentencing criminal-sentencing-guidelines firearm-enhancement intent robbery security-guard sentencing-guidelines united-states-v-gordon united-states-v-hill weapon-discharge This Court should grant certiorari because there is a split in the circuits as to the proper application of a 7 level guideline enhancement for the di…
18-1126 Mufasa Wilson Sejour v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-02-28 Denied Response Waived commerce-clause criminal-law due-process federal-jurisdiction federal-prosecution hobbs-act interstate-commerce jurisdictional-reach local-business robbery sentencing In today's world, there is no such thing as a purely local business. All businesses use credit card machines, access the internet, and purchase out-of…
18-7197 Johnnie O'Neil Lewis v. United States Fourth Circuit 2018-12-28 Denied Response WaivedIFP career-offender crime-of-violence generic-robbery minimal-force no-threat-of-violence no-violence robbery sentencing-guidelines split-among-circuits statutory-interpretation Whether theft offenses requiring no more than minimal force and no violence or threat of violence categorically constitute generic "robbery" for purpo…
18-7056 David Leonard Johnson v. California California 2018-12-14 Denied IFP california-law criminal-law criminal-procedure criminal-procedure-lesser-included-offense descamps-standard due-process jury-instructions lesser-included-offense prejudicial-error prior-convictions receiving-stolen-property robbery I. IS THE CRIME OF RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY A LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE OF ROBBERY, AND IF SO, WAS THE TRIAL COURT'S FAILURE. TO INSTRUCT ON RECEIV…
18-6993 Jamie Todd Bjerke v. United States Eighth Circuit 2018-12-11 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2)IFP court-of-appeals criminal-law force-clause gvr-order light-resistance petition-for-writ-of-certiorari predicate-conviction predicate-offense procedural-thesis robbery sentencing-determinations sentencing-guidelines state-robbery-offense statutory-interpretation substantive-thesis united-states-sentencing-guidelines Whether a state robbery offense that permits a conviction for use of force sufficient to overcome light resistance qualifies as a predicate conviction…
18-6972 Manuel Pereira-Gomez v. United States Second Circuit 2018-12-11 Denied IFP armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split crime-of-violence criminal-law elements-clause force-clause physical-force robbery sentencing sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation Whether the New York State offense of robbery is a "crime of violence," that is, an offense that "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threate…
18-6545 Frankie Calanche Lopez v. California California 2018-11-02 Denied IFP appeal criminal-intent criminal-law criminal-procedure due-process intent intent-element mens-rea opportunistic-crime robbery robbery-intent statutory-interpretation Does it matter. Appeal's Court Judge States It Consequently, whether defendant intended to commit robbery from the moment he first approached or punce…
18-6346 Mark A. Dubarry v. United States Tenth Circuit 2018-10-16 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-1951(b) 18-usc-924(c)(3)(a) 18-usc-924c circuit-split crime-of-violence economic-harm federal-criminal-law force-clause hobbs-act robbery sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation 1. In three circuits, pattern jury instructions extend Hobbs Act robbery (18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)) to an offense committed by causing fear of harm to inta…
18-6058 Donald Lee Reeves, III v. California California 2018-09-24 Denied Response WaivedIFP cruel-and-unusual-punishment due-process fair-trial felony-murder insufficient-evidence intent robbery special-circumstance I. Whether petitioner's due process right to a fair trial was violated when he was convicted of robbery in Count 4 based upon insufficient evidence th…
18-373 Floyd Rose v. United States Second Circuit 2018-09-21 Denied atm atm-robbery circuit-split commerce-clause commerce-element criminal-law federal-criminal-law fifth-circuit hobbs-act interstate-commerce robbery second-circuit Whether the Second Circuit erred by holding, in direct conflict with the Fifth Circuit, that a robbery in which an individual victim is forced to with…
18-5890 Mark D. Whitfield v. United States Fifth Circuit 2018-09-06 Denied Response WaivedIFP appellate-review certificate-of-appealability circuit-split criminal-law force hobbs-act property robbery statutory-interpretation supreme-court use-of-force violent-crime Whether jurists of reason could debate whether robbery under the Hobbs Act possesses the use, attempted use, or threatened use of force against the pe…
18-5386 Allen Alexander, aka Karon Keenan v. New Jersey New Jersey 2018-07-27 Denied Response WaivedIFP assault constitutional-rights criminal-procedure due-process jury-instructions lesser-included-offense robbery state-criminal-law trial-error Can a state trial judge's failure to charge the jury on a lesser included offense violate the defendant's rights guaranteed by the Due Process Clause …
18-5095 Tron Lakey Davis v. United States Fourth Circuit 2018-07-03 Denied Response WaivedIFP categorical-approach force generic-crime generic-robbery minimal-contact minimal-force robbery robbery-definition sentencing-enhancement sentencing-enhancements taylor-precedent taylor-v-united-states violent-crime Whether theft offenses requiring only minimal contact and no threat of violence satisfy the generic, contemporary meaning of robbery under the categor…