physical-force

123 cases — ← All topics

Case Title Lower Court Docketed Status Flags Tags Question Presented
24-6703 Lewis Mobley v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2025-03-05 Denied Response WaivedIFP bodily-injury crime-of-violence criminal-statute physical-force statutory-interpretation VICAR Whether a crime that requires proof of bodily injury or death, but can be committed by failing to take action, has as an element the use, attempted us…
24-6202 Kayne Russell Donath v. United States Eighth Circuit 2024-12-26 Denied IFP acceptance-of-responsibility circuit-split criminal-statute physical-force sentencing-enhancement ussg-guideline The district court increased Mr. Donath's sentence based upon his prior state of Iowa conviction for assault causing bodily injury or mental illness. …
24-211 Al Dorsey v. United States Sixth Circuit 2024-08-27 Denied Response Waived accessory-offense crime-of-violence criminal-career-act physical-force sentencing-guidelines sixth-circuit-interpretation Whether an accessory offense has "as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force" under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 where it (1) does …
24-5322 Richard Tipton v. United States Fourth Circuit 2024-08-14 Denied IFP categorical-approach circuit-split crime-of-violence mens-rea physical-force predicate-offense Section 924(c) of Title 18 of the United States Code criminalizes carrying a firearm in furtherance of a "crime of violence." Per this Court's precede…
24-5314 Martin L. Hunt and Xavier Greene v. United States Fourth Circuit 2024-08-13 Denied Relisted (2)IFP bodily-injury circuit-split crime-of-violence mandatory-consecutive physical-force sentencing 1. Under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(8)(A), a felony qualifies as a "crime of violence" if it "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of p…
24-5243 Ryan Taybron, Eric Nixon, and Geovanni Douglas v. United States Fourth Circuit 2024-08-06 Denied Relisted (2)IFP 18-usc-924c3a bodily-injury circuit-split criminal-statute delligatti-v-united-states omission omission-crime physical-force use-of-force Whether a crime that requires proof of bodily injury or death, but can be committed by failing to take action, has as an element the use, attempted us…
24-5040 Juan Alberto Ortiz-Orellana v. United States Fourth Circuit 2024-07-10 Denied Relisted (2)IFP attempted use but can be committed by accidental means or by fa has as an element the use or threatened use of physical force bodily-injury crime-of-violence felony-murder force-clause mens-rea modified-categorical-approach physical-force premeditated-murder use-of-force Under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), a felony qualifies as a "crime of violence" if it "has as an element the use, at-tempted use, or threatened use of phy…
24-5013 Jonathan Feliz v. United States Second Circuit 2024-07-08 Denied Relisted (2)IFP actus-reus bodily-injury criminal-law criminal-statute elements-clause mens-rea omission physical-force use-of-force violent-crime Whether a crime that requires proof of bodily injury or death, but can be committed by failing to take action, has as an element the use, attempted us…
23-7587 Jondell Middlebrooks v. United States Second Circuit 2024-05-31 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (3)IFP career-offender crime-of-violence guidelines-manual inchoate-offense inchoate-offenses physical-force sentencing-enhancement sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation Whether a crime that requires proof of bodily injury or death, but can be committed by omission, has as an element the use, attempted use, or threaten…
23-7014 Stanley Ford v. United States Ninth Circuit 2024-03-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-1951 18-usc-924 aiding-and-abetting crime-of-violence elements-clause hobbs-act mandatory-minimum physical-force statutory-interpretation Whether Hobbs Act robbery and aiding and abetting Hobbs Act robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), are categorically crimes of violence under the elements clau…
23-918 Ranito Allen v. United States Sixth Circuit 2024-02-26 Denied Relisted (2) 18-usc-924 actus-reus criminal-law federal-criminal-statute mens-rea omission-liability physical-force sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation violent-crime Whether an offense that can be committed through omission or inaction can "ha[ve] as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical …
23-6397 Jaime Rivera v. United States Second Circuit 2023-12-29 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-924 circuit-split criminal-law criminal-procedure federal-statute force physical-force physical-inaction statutory-interpretation Whether a crime of physical inaction ever "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or propert…
23-5377 Anthony Seides Gaines v. United States Ninth Circuit 2023-08-17 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-1951 18-usc-924c categorical-approach crime-of-violence elements-clause hobbs-act physical-force statutory-interpretation Whether Hobbs Act robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 1951 is a crime of violence under the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(8)(A), where the offense encom…
23-5207 Omar Alfonso Alas v. United States Fourth Circuit 2023-07-26 Denied IFP 18-usc-16a categorical-approach crime-of-violence crimes-of-violence immigration mens-rea physical-force sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation Whether a crime with a mens rea of extreme recklessness has, "as an element, the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the…
23-5076 David Linehan v. United States Ninth Circuit 2023-07-11 Denied Response WaivedIFP attempted-use circuit-split criminal-law criminal-solicitation elements-clause federal-felony interstate-commerce mens-rea physical-force Whether "attempted use" in the elements clause means taking a substantial step toward the use of physical force plus the specific intent to use such f…
22-7606 Yvette Crystal Wade v. United States Ninth Circuit 2023-05-22 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-1951 18-usc-924 crime-of-violence elements-clause hobbs-act physical-force sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation Whether Hobbs Act robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 1951 is a crime of violence under the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(8)(A), where the offense encom…
22-7458 Roger Wayne Battle v. United States Sixth Circuit 2023-05-04 Denied Response WaivedIFP circuit-split crime-of-violence criminal-law due-process murder-by-omission physical-force sentencing sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation Whether the crime of murder by omission, such as letting one's child starve to death, "has as an element the use . . . of physical force" such that it…
22-7464 Montez Hall v. United States Sixth Circuit 2023-05-04 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-924(c) circuit-split crime-of-violence criminal-law due-process murder-by-omission physical-force statutory-interpretation Whether the crime of murder by omission, such as letting one's child starve to death, "has as an element the use . . . of physical force" such that it…
22-7079 Henry Joseph Stevens v. United States Fifth Circuit 2023-03-23 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act criminal-statute due-process federal-courts physical-force state-law state-law-interpretation statutory-interpretation texas-penal-code violent-felony 1. When evaluating whether a state-law offense satisfies the Armed Career Criminal Act's definition of a "violent felony," 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B), f…
22-7045 John Leendert Oskam v. United States Ninth Circuit 2023-03-21 Denied Response WaivedIFP actus-reus bank-robbery criminal-law criminal-statute intimidation mens-rea physical-force supreme-court-precedent Under the Court's recent decisions in United States v. Taylor, 142 S. Ct. 2015 (2022), and Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817 (2021), does the e…
22-6756 Wissam Taysir Hammoud v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2023-02-10 Denied Response WaivedIFP attempted-murder civil-rights crime-of-violence criminal-law due-process ninth-circuit-interpretation physical-force sentencing statutory-interpretation supreme-court united-states-v-taylor Whether, in light of this Court's recent decision in United States v. Taylor, 145 S. Ct. 2015 (2022), 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(8)(A)'s "crime of violence" d…
22-6072 Randy Belcher v. United States Sixth Circuit 2022-11-16 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act civil-rights criminal-law due-process federal-jurisdiction physical-force sentencing sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation violent-felony without the use, attempted use or threatened use of physical force against the person of another
22-5637 Dwayne Stone v. United States Second Circuit 2022-09-21 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-924 circuit-split criminal-law elements-clause federal-statute force physical-force physical-inaction statutory-interpretation Whether crimes of physical inaction have "as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of …
22-5610 Andre Thompson v. United States Third Circuit 2022-09-19 Denied Response WaivedIFP categorical-approach civil-rights criminal-law criminal-statute due-process elements-clause physical-force sentencing statutory-interpretation i) 14I approach od \% US. Cf fcj U) CA) Courts allowed or retired b look to the J wlort it ordinarily invo Jicab crime ad i/ioknce fpplymj jit Catz^ …
21-8230 David Matthews v. United States Fifth Circuit 2022-06-24 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (3)IFP armed-career-criminal-act categorical-approach civil-rights criminal-law criminal-sentencing divisibility due-process physical-force sentencing statutory-interpretation 1. In Texas, a thief is guilty of robbery if he "intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death." T…
21-6929 Rozelle Summerise v. United States Ninth Circuit 2022-01-20 Denied Response WaivedIFP circuit-split crime-of-violence criminal-law elements-clause hobbs-act physical-force property-crime sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation violent-crime Can reasonable jurists debate whether Hobbs Act robbery, see 18 U.S.C. § 1951, is a crime of violence under the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) …
21-6625 Derrick Harrell v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2021-12-15 Denied Response WaivedIFP certificate-of-appealability circuit-precedent circuit-split crime-of-violence criminal-law due-process federal-criminal-procedure hobbs-act physical-force sentencing statutory-interpretation 1. Whether Hobbs Act robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b) is a crime of violence for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), i.e., one that "has as an elem…
21-6555 Malik Saunders v. United States Second Circuit 2021-12-08 Denied Response WaivedIFP circuit-split crimes-of-violence criminal-offenses culpable-omission culpable-omissions injury-or-death intentional-causation physical-force sentencing-guidelines u.s.-sentencing-guidelines Whether all criminal offenses that require proof of an intentional causation of injury or death, including those which may be committed by way of culp…
21-5891 Archie Ned Williams v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-10-05 Denied Response WaivedIFP accomplice-liability crime-of-violence criminal-law double-jeopardy due-process hobbs-act-robbery physical-force pinkerton-liability section-924c statutory-interpretation 1. Must the "use of physical force" required to establish a predicate crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A) be personal to the defendant co…
21-5873 Justin Douglas Jones v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-10-04 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-924(c) certificate-of-appealability crime-of-violence federal-prisoner hobbs-act ninth-circuit physical-force sentencing-enhancement Should the Ninth Circuit have issued a certificate of appealability on the issue of whether conviction for Hobbs Act robbery qualified as a "crime of …
21-5457 Brian Fierro v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-08-24 Denied IFP actus-reus circuit-interpretation criminal-law hobbs-act physical-force plain-language robbery robbery-statute statutory-construction statutory-interpretation violent-physical-force By its plain language, Hobbs Act robbery does not require as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use, of violent physical force. The plai…
21-5461 Tyrone Felder v. United States Second Circuit 2021-08-24 Denied IFP 18-usc-924(c)(3)(A) cell-site-evidence crime-of-violence hobbs-act intangible-asset new-york-robbery physical-force property statutory-interpretation 1. Is Hobbs Act violence a "crime of violence" under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A)? Under the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), an offense quali…
21-5319 John Louis Devencenzi v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-08-06 Denied Response WaivedIFP carjacking circuit-split crime-of-violence intimidation mandatory-minimum-sentences physical-force residual-clause statutory-interpretation By its plain language, federal carjacking can be committed by "intimidation." 18 U.S.C. § 2119. This Court recognizes carjacking by intimidation is sa…
21-102 Marcus Walker v. United States Third Circuit 2021-07-26 GVR Relisted (2) 18-usc-1951(a) 18-usc-924(c)(1)(A) attempted-hobbs-act-robbery categorical-approach crime-of-violence federal-criminal-law hobbs-act physical-force sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation Whether attempted Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), is a "crime of violence" under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A), meaning that it "ha…
20-8285 Enrique Hurtado v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-06-11 Denied Response WaivedIFP bank-robbery crime-of-violence federal-armed-bank-robbery hobbs-act hobbs-act-robbery mandatory-minimum mandatory-minimum-sentences physical-force statutory-interpretation L. By its plain language, Hobbs Act robbery does not require as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use, of violent physical force. The p…
20-7984 Eddie Lamont Lipscomb v. United States Fifth Circuit 2021-05-11 GVR IFP armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split civil-rights due-process physical-contact physical-force robbery texas-penal-code use-of-force violent-felony 1. Whether simple robbery under Texas Penal Code § 29.02 remains a "violent felony" without the Armed Career Criminal Act's unconstitutional residual …
20-7866 Paul Demetrius Lamar Gray v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-04-27 Denied Response WaivedIFP conspiracy crime-of-violence criminal-law elements-clause physical-force pinkerton-conspiracy pinkerton-liability postal-robbery residual-clause statutory-interpretation violent-crime Before United States U. Johnson, 576 U.S. 591 (2015), the federal courts routinely relied on the residual clause to hold that convictions sustained un…
20-7778 Gerald Scott v. United States Second Circuit 2021-04-15 Denied Amici (1)IFP circuit-split criminal-law criminal-statute federal-sentencing physical-force physical-inaction rule-of-lenity statutory-interpretation use-of-force Does a crime of physical inaction, in which the inaction is deemed the cause of injury or death, have as an element the "use of physical force against…
20-7609 Raynal King and Howard R. Ross, III v. United States Eighth Circuit 2021-03-31 GVR Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2)IFP 18-usc-924c3a criminal-law criminal-statute elements-clause force-clause mens-rea physical-force statutory-interpretation use-of-force Whether a crime that requires a resulting death categorically includes, as an element, "the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force ag…
20-7417 Allen Pace, III v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-03-11 Denied Response WaivedIFP categorical-approach crime-of-violence criminal-law force-clause hobbs-act physical-force property-rights statutory-interpretation violent-crime Whether Hobbs Act robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 1951 is a crime of violence under the force clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), where the offense encompas…
20-7402 Sylas Glenn Brownridge v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-03-10 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-924(c)(3)(A) categorical-approach crime-of-violence force-clause hobbs-act physical-force statutory-interpretation Whether Hobbs Act robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 1951 is a crime of violence under the force clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), where the offense encompas…
20-7412 Anthony W. Gardner v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-03-10 Denied Response WaivedIFP categorical-approach crime-of-violence criminal-law federal-statutes force-clause hobbs-act physical-force property-crimes statutory-interpretation violent-crime Whether Hobbs Act robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 1951 is a crime of violence under the force clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), where the offense encompas…
20-7383 Jorge Zamora-Suarez, aka Pedro Moncada v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-03-09 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-1951 18-usc-924(c)(3)(A) categorical-approach crime-of-violence force-clause hobbs-act physical-force statutory-interpretation Whether Hobbs Act robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 1951 is a crime of violence under the force clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), where the offense encompas…
20-7393 Edward Coleman, aka Keith, aka Tiny Keith v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-03-09 Denied Response WaivedIFP categorical-approach crime-of-violence criminal-law force-clause hobbs-act physical-force property-rights statutory-interpretation violent-crime Whether Hobbs Act robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 1951 is a crime of violence under the force clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), where the offense encompas…
20-7326 Tyrone Valentine v. United States Eighth Circuit 2021-03-05 Denied IFP 18-usc 28-usc-2253 certificate-of-appealability criminal-statute criminal-statutes drunk-driving extreme-indifference physical-force violent-felony Whether reasonable jurists could disagree on whether criminal statutes that encompass drunk driving "manifesting extreme indifference to the value of …
20-7348 Anthony Ray Ybarra v. United States Tenth Circuit 2021-03-05 Denied IFP armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split force-clause mens-rea physical-force violent-felony New Mexico courts have held the state's aggravated assault statute does not have a mens rea element with respect to the victim. Does a criminal offens…
20-7305 Larry Daniel Harris v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-03-02 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-924c3a attempted-hobbs-act-robbery categorical-approach crime-of-violence criminal-statute hobbs-act hobbs-act-robbery negligence physical-force predicate-conviction property-injury statutory-interpretation 1. Circuit courts, including the Ninth Circuit here, are analogizing the element of "intimidation" in 18 U.S.C. § 2113 with the element of "fear of in…
20-7280 Michael Dewayne Vickers v. United States Fifth Circuit 2021-03-01 GVR Relisted (2)IFP armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split due-process federal-courts felony-murder physical-force state-court-interpretation statutory-interpretation violent-felony 1. Whether a federal court analyzing a prior state-court conviction to determine whether the offense qualifies as a "violent felony" under the Armed C…
20-1000 Monico Dominguez v. United States Ninth Circuit 2021-01-26 GVR Relisted (4) 18-usc-1951 18-usc-924(c)(8)(A) attempted-robbery crime-of-violence federal-criminal-law hobbs-act physical-force statutory-interpretation Whether attempted robbery under the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1951, qualifies as a "crime of violence," meaning that it "has as an element the use, attem…
20-6840 Frederick D. Darrington, Jr. v. United States Eighth Circuit 2021-01-12 Denied IFP 18-usc-924c criminal-law criminal-statute elements-clause intimidation mens-rea physical-force statutory-interpretation Whether a crime that requires proof of "intimidation" of the victim satisfies the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), when the offense does n…
20-6756 David Ray Wallace v. United States Fifth Circuit 2021-01-04 Denied IFP criminal-law criminal-statute due-process habeas-corpus physical-force reckless-conduct sentencing successive-motion texas-robbery violent-crime 1. Whether Texas robbery—an offense that can be committed by recklessly causing injury or by placing the victim in fear of injury—has "the use of phys…
20-6539 Alfonso Lopez-Rodriguez v. United States Fifth Circuit 2020-12-04 GVR Relisted (2)IFP circuit-split criminal-law federal-sentencing immigration immigration-law physical-force reckless-mental-state sentencing statutory-interpretation supreme-court Whether a statute has as an element the use of physical force against the person or property of another, for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 16(a), when a con…
20-6407 Jonathan Wallace Gomez v. United States Fifth Circuit 2020-11-23 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2)IFP assault-definition bodily-injury circuit-split criminal-offense generic-definition legal-interpretation physical-force reckless-causation reckless-conduct I. Whether a criminal offense defined to include the reckless causation of bodily injury has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use o…
20-6356 Ryan Dennis v. United States Fifth Circuit 2020-11-17 Denied IFP acca criminal-law criminal-procedure due-process habeas-corpus physical-force reckless-injury residual-clause sentencing sentencing-guidelines subject-matter-jurisdiction 1. Whether an offense that can be committed by recklessly causing serious injury has "the use of physical force against the person of another" as an e…
20-6314 Jovon Antoine McClures v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2020-11-13 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act drug-offense knowledge-requirement physical-force robbery robbery-offense snatching statutory-interpretation violent-felony I. Does a state robbery offense that may be committed through mere snatching "have as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical…
20-6137 Arvester Lamonica Anderson v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2020-10-27 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act drug-offense force knowledge-requirement physical-force robbery robbery-offense snatching statutory-interpretation violent-felony I. Does a state robbery offense that may be committed through mere snatching "have as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical…
20-5993 Keith A. James v. United States Fifth Circuit 2020-10-13 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2)IFP armed-career-criminal-act categorical-approach force-clause impersonation intimidation physical-force subjective-intimidation violent-felony The "force clause" of the Armed Career Criminal Act ("ACCA") defines "violent felony" as a felony that "has as an element the use, attempted use, or t…
20-5643 Louis Gene Williams v. United States Fifth Circuit 2020-09-10 Denied IFP armed-career-criminal-act assault burglary civil-rights due-process leocal physical-force predicate-conviction reckless-causation texas-assault-crimes texas-criminal-law 1. A state crime is a "violent felony" (and therefore a predicate prior conviction under the Armed Career Criminal Act) if it "has as an element the u…
20-5535 Randy Platt v. United States Tenth Circuit 2020-08-27 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act career-offender common-law common-law-definition elements-clause physical-force robbery robbery-statute sentencing-guidelines united-states-sentencing-commission In Stokeling v. United States, 139 S.Ct. 544 (2029), this Court reviewed whether Florida's robbery statute required a level of force necessary to qual…
20-5172 Darrell Henry Williams v. Joe Coakley, Warden Fourth Circuit 2020-07-24 Denied IFP career-offender criminal-statutes due-process federal-procedure mandatory-minimums physical-force reckless-conduct sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation 1. Do criminal statutes satisfied by reckless conduct resulting in injury require as an element "the use ... of physical force against the person of a…
19-8741 Kelly David Ankeny, Sr. v. United States Ninth Circuit 2020-06-18 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2)IFP armed-career-criminal-act criminal-sentencing dangerous-weapon force-requirement oregon-robbery physical-force second-degree statutory-interpretation violent-felony Whether Oregon Robbery in the Second Degree (Or. Rev. Stat. § 164.405(1)(a)) is a violent felony under the Armed Career Criminal Act when the statute'…
19-8583 Joseph Emanuel Hechavarria v. William P. Barr, Attorney General Second Circuit 2020-06-02 Denied Response WaivedIFP categorical-approach circuit-split crime-of-violence criminal-law due-process immigration immigration-law physical-force removal-proceedings statutory-interpretation Petitioner Joseph Hechavarria, an immigrant, has been ordered removed from the United States for having committed a crime of violence as defined by 18…
19-1264 Doncey Frank Boykin v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2020-05-04 Denied armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split elements-clause minimal-contact physical-force robbery robbery-offense state-law violent-felony Whether a state law robbery offense that extends to mere snatchings—involving only minimal physical contact with the victim—lacks the requisite degree…
19-7684 Jeremy Glenn Powell v. United States Fifth Circuit 2020-02-18 GVR Relisted (2)IFP armed-career-criminal-act due-process fifth-amendment fifth-circuit physical-force reckless reckless-offenses statutory-interpretation texas-penal-code texas-robbery violent-felony 1. Whether the Texas offense of simple robbery, Penal Code § 29.02(a), "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force …
19-7409 Melvin Pryor v. United States Eighth Circuit 2020-01-24 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP 2nd-amendment criminal-law criminal-statute due-process firearm firearm-display physical-force statutory-interpretation violent-felony Do criminal statutes that prohibit angry or threatening firearm displays not targeted at a specific victim qualify as a "violent felony" having as an …
19-7320 Jurden Rogers v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2020-01-17 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (4)IFP 18-usc-2113 18-usc-924 18-usc-924c3a armed-career-criminal-act bank-robbery bank-robbery-18-usc-2113 circuit-split crime-of-violence criminal-law elements-clause intimidation physical-force statutory-interpretation I. Whether bank robbery (18 U.S.C. § 2113) which may be committed by unintentionally intimidating a victim or by presenting a teller with a demand not…
19-7334 Edgardo Diaz-Cestary v. United States First Circuit 2020-01-17 Denied Response WaivedIFP 924(c) categorical-approach categorical-qualification criminal-statute elements-clause hobbs-act johnson-i johnson-standard physical-force statutory-interpretation I. WHETHER FORCE REQUIRED TO COMMIT HOBBS ACT ROBBERY SATISFIES THE PHYSICAL FORCE STANDARD OF JOHNSON I TO CATEGORICALLY QUALIFY THE ELEMENTS CLAUSE …
19-7307 Julian Moz-Aguilar v. United States Third Circuit 2020-01-16 Denied Response WaivedIFP categorical-approach conduct-based-inquiry crime-of-violence elements-clause force-requirement johnson-v-united-states modified-categorical-approach physical-force sentencing-court In applying the categorical or modified categorical approach to § 924(c)(3)(A), must a sentencing court limit its consideration to the elements of an …
19-7123 Sean Gregory Mitchell v. United States Fourth Circuit 2020-01-02 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act bodily-injury criminal-sentencing intentional-causation omission physical-force sentencing statutory-interpretation violent-felony Whether a criminal statute that prohibits the intentional causation of bodily injury to another "by any means," including omissions, is a violent felo…
19-7067 Michael Baird Jordan v. United States Ninth Circuit 2019-12-27 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (3)IFP 18-usc-924(c)(3)(a) armed-bank-robbery bank-robbery categorical-approach crime-of-violence elements-clause general-intent intent intimidation physical-force specific-intent statutory-interpretation use-of-force Given this Court's holding in Carter v. United States, 530 U.S. 255, 268 (2000), that bank robbery by intimidation is less culpable than a specific in…
19-7072 Tyrone Walker v. United States Second Circuit 2019-12-27 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-924 18-usc-924(c)(3)(a) actual-or-threatened-force crime-of-violence criminal-law federal-jurisdiction hobbs-act physical-force property-crime property-rights sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation stokeling-v-united-states 1. Whether the substantive offense of Hobbs Act robbery is categorically a "crime of violence" for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A). 2. Whether H…
19-6979 Joassaint Josiah Aristil v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-12-18 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (3)IFP 18-usc-2119 18-usc-924(c)(3)(A) carjacking categorical-approach criminal-law federal-statute force intent intimidation physical-force sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation Whether carjacking in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119, which may be committed by intimidation, requires an element "the use, attempted use, or threatene…
19-7006 Alvin Andrae Drummond v. United States Fourth Circuit 2019-12-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP 4th-amendment armed-career-criminal-act criminal-sentencing misdemeanor-crime-of-violence physical-force predicate-offense probable-cause search-warrant statutory-interpretation violent-crime Petitioner Alvin Drummond presents two questions for this Court's review: 1. Whether a misdemeanor crime of violence, not aggravated by any additiona…
19-6793 Quentin Herndon v. United States Eighth Circuit 2019-12-02 Denied Response WaivedIFP crime-of-violence criminal-law criminal-statute federal-court federal-courts physical-force sentencing-guidelines state-court state-court-interpretation state-courts statutory-interpretation USSG-4B1.2(a) Whether a federal court must defer to a state court's interpretation of the elements of a state criminal statute to determine if that offense requires…
19-6752 Jemone Lawrence Walker v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-11-25 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act constitutional-vagueness curtis-johnson curtis-johnson-v-united-states elements-clause physical-force samuel-johnson-v-united-states sentencing-enhancement stokeling stokeling-v-united-states violent-felony The Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) imposes a 15–year mandatory minimum sentence on any § 922(g) offender convicted of at least three qualifying pred…
19-6707 Ricky Lee Tyndall v. United States Fourth Circuit 2019-11-21 Denied Response WaivedIFP crime-of-violence criminal-law due-process element-of-force federal-criminal-law force-clause hobbs-act physical-force property-damage property-rights sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation vagueness 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A)'s FORCE CLAUSE requires the use of "physical force" (i.e: "violence force" meaning "force capable of causing PHYsICAL in Dima…
19-6653 Quinton Omar Jackson v. United States Ninth Circuit 2019-11-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP criminal-law criminal-statutes federal-criminal-law force force-and-violence intimidation legislative-intent mens-rea physical-force statutory-interpretation violence Whether Congress intended the phrase "by force and violence, or by intimidation," that appears in multiple federal criminal statutes to include the us…
19-6623 Mario Denane Fultz v. United States Ninth Circuit 2019-11-13 Denied Response WaivedIFP intentional physical force or by intimidation' to include the use of violent criminal-law criminal-statutes federal-crimes federal-criminal-statutes federal-robbery-statutes force force-clause force-definition intentional-force legislative-intent physical-force statutory-construction statutory-interpretation violence violent-crime Whether Congress intended the phrase "by force and violence, or by intimidation," that appears in multiple federal criminal statutes to include the us…
19-6354 Brent Delvalen Blake v. United States Ninth Circuit 2019-10-23 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (3)IFP 18-usc-2113 18-usc-924c bank-robbery categorical-approach certificate-of-appealability crime-of-violence criminal-statute elements-clause federal-armed-bank-robbery intent physical-force vagueness vagueness-doctrine violent-crime Can reasonable jurists debate whether federal armed bank robbery by intimidation is not a crime of violence under the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 9…
19-6308 Ronald Detro Winder v. United States Tenth Circuit 2019-10-18 Denied Response WaivedIFP acca armed-career-criminal-act crime-of-violence curtis-johnson elements-clause injury injury-definition physical-force sentencing-guidelines Whether a state offense that includes as an element causing injury, but which also defines "injury" broadly to include more than the "physical pain or…
19-6279 Fernando Sanchez, Jr. v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-10-17 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act bodily-injury circuit-split criminal-law due-process physical-force united-states-v-castleman violent-felony Whether the causation of physical injury or death necessarily requires the use of violent force.
19-6186 Latroy Leon Burris v. United States Fifth Circuit 2019-10-07 GVR Relisted (4)IFP armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split fair-warning physical-force reckless-injury statutory-interpretation (1) Does recklessly causing another person to suffer injury necessarily involve the "use of physical force against" that person for purposes of the Ar…
19-6128 Bacari McCarthren v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-10-02 Denied Response WaivedRelisted (2)IFP aggravated-battery categorical-approach crime-of-violence deadly-weapon descamps descamps-v-united-states mathis physical-force sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation turner The Florida crime of aggravated battery may qualify as a crime of violence under Section 4B1.2 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines only if the …
19-6108 Corey Kidd v. United States Eighth Circuit 2019-10-01 Denied IFP 18-usc-924 aiding-and-abetting controlled-substances crime-of-violence criminal-law physical-force robbery statutory-interpretation I. Did the court below err in finding that the offense of aiding and abetting robbery of controlled substances qualifies as a crime of violence under …
19-5908 Howard Leon Combs v. United States Fifth Circuit 2019-09-11 GVR Relisted (4)IFP acca-elements-clause armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split criminal-law elements-clause physical-force reckless-offense reckless-offenses shular-v-united-states statutory-interpretation texas-aggravated-assault violent-crime 1. A person is guilty of Texas aggravated assault if his reckless driving causes another person to suffer injury; if he transmits a virus to an unwitt…
19-292 Roxanne Torres v. Janice Madrid, et al. Tenth Circuit 2019-09-04 Judgment Issued Amici (13)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) apprehension circuit-split civil-rights constitutional-law detention excessive-force fourth-amendment physical-force police-force seizure Is an unsuccessful attempt to detain a suspect by use of physical force a "seizure" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, as the Eighth, Ninth, …
19-5777 Donielle Rashi Ross v. United States Fifth Circuit 2019-09-03 Denied Response WaivedIFP criminal-law domestic-violence legal-precedent mens-rea misdemeanor-crime physical-force recklessness recklessness-standard second-amendment statutory-interpretation supreme-court supreme-court-interpretation use-of-force voisine-v-united-states Whether this Court's holding in Voisine v. United States, __U.S.__, 136 S.Ct. 2272 (2016), that recklessness is consistent with the "use of physical f…
19-5772 Sergio Saldivar Gutierrez v. United States Ninth Circuit 2019-08-30 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act assault-statute california-penal-code conscious-disregard-of-risk criminal-intent force-clause general-intent physical-force specific-intent statutory-interpretation violent-felony California state courts have authoritatively construed the state statute punishing assault with a deadly weapon, California Penal Code $ 2a5(a)(1) and…
19-5236 Seab Nolen v. United States Eighth Circuit 2019-07-19 Denied Response WaivedIFP apprehension-of-physical-injury armed-career-criminal-act categorical-approach criminal-law criminal-statute immediate-physical-injury physical-force possession-of-weapon sentencing-enhancement violent-felony weapon-possession Is a prior conviction that includes as an element the possession of a weapon categorically a violent felony under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.…
19-5172 Jesus Hilario-Bello v. United States Second Circuit 2019-07-15 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-924c crime-of-violence due-process economic-loss fair-trial hobbs-act intangible-asset judicial-intervention physical-force statutory-interpretation Whether Hobbs Act robbery is not a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. §924(c) because it can be committed without using physical force, by causing the …
19-5134 Kouwanii Brunstorff v. United States Second Circuit 2019-07-10 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act assault attempt attempt-crime force-clause new-york physical-force second-circuit second-degree statutory-interpretation violent-felony Is an attempt to commit a categorically violent felony, in this case, assault in the second degree in New York, categorically violent under the force …
19-5078 Jamie Neil Capalbo v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-07-05 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-924 armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split criminal-offense elements-clause mens-rea physical-force reckless-mens-rea statutory-interpretation violent-felony Whether a criminal offense with a reckless mens rea qualifies as a "violent felony" under the elements clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act, which …
19-5085 Darren L. Lee v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-07-05 Denied Relisted (2)IFP criminal-procedure divisible-offense federal-sentencing full-faith-and-credit modified-categorical-approach physical-force plea-bargain sentencing shepard-documents united-states-v-horse-looking violent-felony Where a divisible offense may be committed two ways, one of which satisfies the "violent felony" element of physical force, and one of which does not,…
19-5089 Clifford B. Gandy, Jr. v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-07-05 Denied IFP categorical-approach crime-of-violence divisible-offense divisible-statute modified-categorical-approach nolo-contendere physical-force plea-bargaining sentencing-guidelines shepard-documents I Where a divisible offense may be committed two ways, one of which satisfies the "crime of violence" element of physical force, and one of which does…
19-5063 Jose Thomas Barriera-Vera v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-07-03 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-2113 18-usc-924 18-usc-924(c)(3)(a) armed-bank-robbery armed-robbery attempted-armed-robbery attempted-crime criminal-law criminal-statute person-or-property physical-force statutory-interpretation violent-crime Whether attempted armed bank robbery (18 U.S.C. § 2113) has as an element "the use . . . of physical force against the person or property of another,"…
19-5070 Carlos Lamar Mitchell v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-07-03 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-2113 18-usc-924c3a bank-robbery bank-robbery-18-usc-2113 criminal-law criminal-statute demand-note intimidation physical-force physical-force-18-usc-924c3a sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation use-of-force Whether bank robbery (18 U.S.C. § 2113), which may be committed by unintentionally intimidating a victim or by presenting a teller with a demand note,…
18-9467 Koran McKinley Allen v. United States Ninth Circuit 2019-05-29 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-2113 18-usc-2113a-d 18-usc-924 18-usc-924c3a bank-robbery categorical-approach crime-of-violence criminal-law elements-clause federal-bank-robbery physical-force sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation 1. Can federal bank robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d) be a crime of violence under the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A) or U.S.S.G.…
18-9425 Kevin Contreras v. United States Fifth Circuit 2019-05-24 GVR IFP 18-usc-924(a) aggravated-assault criminal-law criminal-liability due-process equal-protection generic-offense interstate-movement physical-force recklessness sentencing statutory-interpretation use-of-physical-force vagueness voisine-v-united-states I. Whether the Texas offense of aggravated assault is equivalent to the "generic" form of that offense? II. Whether this Court's holding in Voisine v…
18-9248 Preston Phillips v. United States Eighth Circuit 2019-05-14 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act armed-criminal-act categorical-approach criminal-offense indirect-force omission physical-force statutory-interpretation violent-felony Whether an offense committed by indirect force, or by "any means" like an omission, qualifies as a "violent felony" under the Armed Careener Criminal …
18-8931 Tajie Coleman v. United States Second Circuit 2019-04-22 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split criminal-law due-process elements-clause new-york-state-law physical-force robbery statutory-interpretation Whether the New York State offense of robbery "has, as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of an…
18-8830 Julio Cesar De La Rosa v. United States Fifth Circuit 2019-04-15 Denied Response WaivedIFP criminal-law due-process firearms mens-rea misdemeanor-crime-of-violence physical-force statutory-interpretation voisine-v-united-states I. Whether this Court's holding in Voisine v. United States, __U.S.__,136 S.Ct. 2272 (2016), that recklessness is consistent with the "use of physical…
18-8738 Noe Machado-Erazo and Jose Martinez-Amaya v. United States District of Columbia 2019-04-09 Denied Response WaivedIFP circuit-split criminal-law criminal-law-procedure criminal-procedure due-process harmless-error jury-trial physical-force sixth-amendment statutory-interpretation I. Whether a state statute can be said to require the "use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of anoth…
18-8445 Tommy McAdoo v. United States Ninth Circuit 2019-03-19 Denied Response WaivedIFP bank-robbery career-offender categorical-approach circuit-split civil-rights crime-of-violence criminal-law due-process federal-bank-robbery federal-statute intimidation physical-force sentencing violent-physical-force The Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits broadly interpret "intimidation" as used in the federal bank robbery statute for sufficiency purposes,…
18-8406 Demone Rule v. United States Seventh Circuit 2019-03-15 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act attempt-offense attempted-offense categorical-approach elements-clause illinois-law physical-force sentencing-enhancement substantial-step violent-felony Illinois attempt offense contain only two elements: the intent to commit an offense and a substantial step towards commission of the offense. The subs…
18-7621 Jacoby Burns v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-01-31 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act career-offender categorical-analysis criminal-law elements-clause physical-force sentencing sentencing-guideline sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation I. Does a conviction under Georgia's felony obstruction-of-an-officer statute, OCGA § 16-10-24(b), qualify as either a "crime of violence" under the e…
18-7470 Carl Lee Williams v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2019-01-17 Denied IFP 18-usc-2119 18-usc-924(c) 18-usc-924c carjacking categorical-approach crimes-of-violence criminal-law federal-carjacking intimidation physical-force residual-clause sessions-v-dimaya statutory-interpretation stokeling-v-united-states vagueness vagueness-doctrine 1. Is federal carjacking by way of intimidation a crime of violence as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A)'s force clause? 2. In light of this Court'…
18-7232 Arthur Sanchez v. United States Tenth Circuit 2019-01-04 Denied IFP aggravated-assault aggravated-battery armed-career-criminal-act elements-clause force force-clause johnson-definition mens-rea physical-force state-appellate-courts state-robbery victim-resistance violent-felony I. Is a state robbery offense, that includes as an element the requirement of overcoming victim resistance by use of force, a violent felony under the…
18-7233 Hosea Latron Swopes v. United States Eighth Circuit 2019-01-04 Denied IFP armed-career-criminal-act assault circuit-split intent physical-force statutory-interpretation threat violent-felony weapon-exhibition Whether a statute prohibiting an angry exhibition of a weapon in the presence of another without requiring that the perpetrator direct or intend to di…
18-7192 Lavell Phillips v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2018-12-28 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act attempted-first-degree-murder attempted-murder attempted-use-of-force criminal-statute elements-clause first-degree-murder physical-force procedural-background sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation violent-felony Under the Armed Career Criminal Act ("ACCA"), a "violent felony" is defined as, inter alia, a felony that "has as an element the use, attempted use, o…
18-7102 Curtis D. Huling v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2018-12-19 Denied Response WaivedIFP aggravated-assault controlled-substance-offense crime-of-violence mens-rea mental-state physical-force recklessness sentencing-guidelines sentencing-guidelines-4b1.1 voisine-v-united-states Section 4B1.1(a) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines raises the offense level for a "crime of violence" or "controlled substance offense" commi…
18-7116 Lonnie Anthony Jones v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2018-12-19 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-career-criminal-act curtis-johnson-v-united-states denard-stokeling-v-united-states edwin-deshazior-v-united-states florida-statute florida-statutes johnson-definition physical-force second-degree-murder violent-felony At issue in this matter is whether second-degree murder in Florida is a "violent felony" within the meaning of the elements clause of the Armed Career…
18-6972 Manuel Pereira-Gomez v. United States Second Circuit 2018-12-11 Denied IFP armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split crime-of-violence criminal-law elements-clause force-clause physical-force robbery sentencing sentencing-guidelines statutory-interpretation Whether the New York State offense of robbery is a "crime of violence," that is, an offense that "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threate…
18-6914 Daniel Rojas v. United States Tenth Circuit 2018-12-06 Denied IFP 18-usc-1951 18-usc-924c crime-of-violence criminal-law force hobbs-act johnson-v-united-states physical-force section-2255 section-924c sentencing violent-crime I. What amount of force satisfies this Court's definition of "physical force," that is, force capable of causing physical pain or injury to another pe…
18-6798 Elvin Hill v. United States Second Circuit 2018-11-23 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-924c crime-of-violence criminal-law elements-clause federal-criminal-law hobbs-act-robbery intangible-property physical-force statutory-interpretation violent-force 1. Under the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), an offense qualifies as a "crime of violence" -- required for conviction under § 924(c)(1), …
18-6547 Christopher Brooks v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2018-11-01 Denied Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2)IFP 18-usc-924 armed-career-criminal-act circuit-split criminal-offense elements-clause mens-rea physical-force reckless-mens-rea statutory-interpretation violent-felony Whether a criminal offense with a reckless mens rea qualifies as a "violent felony" under the elements clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act, which …
18-6269 Matthew Clayton Lloyd v. United States Tenth Circuit 2018-10-10 Denied IFP 18-usc-2113 18-usc-924(c) armed-bank-robbery bank-robbery crime-of-violence extortion force-clause intimidation johnson-ruling johnson-v-united-states physical-force sentencing-review weapon-enhancement I.Is federal bank robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113, which can be accomplished by "intimidation" or "extortion" a crime of violence as defined …
18-5866 Nathan Mosley v. United States Third Circuit 2018-09-04 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-1951 18-usc-924 categorical-approach crime-of-violence criminal-law elements-clause federal-criminal-law hobbs-act physical-force sentencing-enhancement statutory-interpretation 1. In accord with the categorical approach, rather than the Third Circuit's outlier contemporaneous act approach, should a conviction under the Hobbs …
18-5561 Jose Nieves-Galarza v. United States Third Circuit 2018-08-13 Denied Response WaivedIFP armed-criminal-career-act johnson-v-united-states new-york-penal-law new-york-penal-law-160.15(1) new-york-robbery-statute physical-force sentencing-enhancement serious-physical-injury third-circuit violent-felony violent-force For a prior conviction to qualify as a predicate for an enhanced sentence under the Armed Criminal Career Act, it must be for an offense that is a "vi…
18-5445 Jason Lee Pyles v. United States Eighth Circuit 2018-08-03 Denied Response WaivedIFP 18-usc-924 aggravated-assault arkansas-statute armed-career-criminal categorical-approach due-process eighth-circuit johnson-standard johnson-v-united-states johnson-v-united-states-2015 physical-force statutory-interpretation violent-felony L Whether the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit erroneously held that Arkansas aggravated assault on a family or household member …
18-5435 Martin Michael Ybarra v. United States Tenth Circuit 2018-08-02 Denied IFP 18-usc-2113 armed-career-criminal-act bank-robbery elements-clause intimidation physical-force statutory-interpretation supreme-court violent-felony I. Is federal bank robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113, which can be accomplished by "intimidation," a violent felony under the elements clause u…
18-5288 Robert Serrano v. United States Tenth Circuit 2018-07-20 Denied Relisted (4)IFP armed-career-criminal-act elements-clause force johnson-definition physical-force state-robbery state-robbery-offense victim-resistance violent-felony I. Is a state robbery offense that includes as an element the requirement of overcoming victim resistance by use of force a violent felony under the e…
18-5232 Charles Lynch Pettis v. United States Eighth Circuit 2018-07-17 Denied Relisted (4)IFP armed-career-criminal-act categorical-approach circuit-split physical-force robbery-statute sentencing-disparities sentencing-enhancement state-robbery victim-resistance violent-felony Is a state robbery offense categorically a "violent felony" under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i) (an offense that "has as …
18-5092 Tyrone Anderson v. United States Eleventh Circuit 2018-07-02 Denied Relisted (4)IFP almendarez-torres-v-united-states armed-career-criminal-act florida-robbery physical-force prior-convictions sentencing-enhancement stokeling-v-united-states victim-resistance violent-felony I. Whether Mr. Anderson's sentence must be vacated because Florida robbery is not a "violent felony" for purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act. I…