| 25-977 |
Johnson & Johnson, et al. v. San Diego County Employees Retirement Association, et al. |
Third Circuit |
2026-02-18 |
Pending |
|
Basic-Inc-v-Levinson class-certification corrective-disclosure efficient-market-hypothesis inflation-maintenance-theory securities-fraud |
Securities-fraud class actions overwhelmingly rely on the "inflation-maintenance" theory, which posits that misrepresentations maintain an inflated st… |
| 25-874 |
Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. v. Narguess Noohi, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated |
Ninth Circuit |
2026-01-22 |
Pending |
Amici (2) |
civil-procedure class-certification daubert-standard evidentiary-standards expert-testimony federal-rules-of-evidence |
Whether expert testimony must be admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and the framework enunciated in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals,… |
| 25A744 |
Johnson & Johnson, et al. v. San Diego County Employees Retirement Association, et al. |
Third Circuit |
2025-12-23 |
Application |
|
basic-presumption class-certification corrective-disclosure market-efficiency price-impact securities-fraud |
1. This case warrants the Court's review because it presents an ideal vehicle for the Court to resolve two related splits of authority about the prope… |
| 25-677 |
City of Cleveland, Ohio v. Albert Pickett, Jr., Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, et al., |
Sixth Circuit |
2025-12-10 |
Pending |
Amici (3)Response RequestedResponse Waived |
article-iii-standing class-certification concrete-harm disparate-impact fair-housing-act race-neutral-policy |
Whether a federal court may certify a damages class that contains members who lack any injury other than an intangible harm based on the asserted disp… |
| 25-625 |
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, a Japanese Corporation, et al. v. Painters and Allied Trades District Council 82 Health Care Fund, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2025-12-02 |
Pending |
Amici (2) |
circuit-split class-certification damages representative-evidence rico rule-23 |
This case involves a multibillion-dollar civil RICO class action covering tens of thousands of third-party payors that reimbursed millions of prescrip… |
| 25A565 |
Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. v. Narguess Noohi, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated |
Ninth Circuit |
2025-11-14 |
Application |
|
circuit-split civil-procedure class-certification expert-testimony federal-rules-of-evidence rule-702 |
Whether a district court may certify a class action without resolving whether the plaintiff has introduced admissible evidence, including expert testi… |
| 25A472 |
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, a Japanese Corporation, et al. v. Painters & Allied Trades District Council 82 Health Care Fund, third-party healthcare payor
fund, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2025-10-24 |
Presumed Complete |
|
causation class-certification individualized-damages injury-requirement rico-claim third-party-payor |
Question not identified. |
| 25A419 |
Banc of America Securities LLC, et al. v. City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2025-10-14 |
Presumed Complete |
|
antitrust class-certification damages-class-action expert-evidence federal-rule-civil-procedure predominance |
Question not identified. |
| 25A365 |
City of Cleveland, Ohio v. Albert Pickett, Jr., Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, et al., |
Sixth Circuit |
2025-09-29 |
Presumed Complete |
|
article-iii-standing class-certification concrete-injury disparate-impact fair-housing-act water-liens |
Whether a federal court may certify a class action that contains members who claim no Article III injury apart from being subjected to a policy they a… |
| 24A941 |
Kansas City Life Insurance Company v. Christopher Y. Meek, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated |
Eighth Circuit |
2025-04-01 |
Presumed Complete |
|
article-iii-standing breach-of-contract circuit-split class-certification concrete-harm injury-in-fact |
Whether a class may be certified where some members suffered only legal injury from a pure breach of contract with no monetary harm. |
| 24-933 |
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, et al. v. Faysal A. Jama, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2025-02-27 |
Denied |
Amici (2)Relisted (2) |
article-iii-injury class-certification damages-class individualized-proceedings rule-23 statutory-violation |
Auto insurance policies typically promise to pay policyholders the "actual cash value" of insured vehicles that are deemed a total loss. To determine … |
| 24A687 |
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, et al. v. Faysal A. Jama, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2025-01-15 |
Presumed Complete |
|
actual-cash-value class-action-standing class-certification insurance-regulation insurance-valuation ninth-circuit-split |
Question not identified. |
| 24-643 |
Union Pacific Railroad Company, a Delaware Corporation v. Robert Anthony Zaragoza |
Fifth Circuit |
2024-12-12 |
Denied |
|
circuit-split class-action class-certification procedural-tolling statute-of-limitations tolling-doctrine |
Is American Pipe tolling limited to actual members of the putative or certified class, or does it extend to non-class members so long as they were not… |
| 24-630 |
Union Pacific Railroad Company, a Delaware Corporation v. Nicholas DeFries |
Ninth Circuit |
2024-12-09 |
Denied |
|
american-pipe-rule circuit-split class-action class-certification statute-of-limitations tolling-doctrine |
Is American Pipe tolling limited to actual members of the putative or certified class, or does it extend to non-class members so long as they were not… |
| 24-628 |
BNP Paribas SA, a French Corporation, et al. v. Entesar Osman Kashef, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2024-12-09 |
Denied |
|
circuit-split class-certification district-court interlocutory-appeal manifest-error rule-23f |
Whether the courts of appeals have discretion under Rule 23(f) to grant interlocutory review solely because a district court's class-certification ord… |
| 24-610 |
Union Pacific Railroad Company v. Todd DeGeer |
Eighth Circuit |
2024-12-04 |
Denied |
|
american-pipe-rule circuit-split class-action class-certification statute-of-limitations tolling-doctrine |
In American Pipe & Construction Co. v. Utah , 414 U.S. 538, 554 (1974), this Court held that "the commencement of a class action suspends the applicab… |
| 24-576 |
Nutramax Laboratories, Inc., et al. v. Justin Lytle, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2024-11-25 |
Denied |
Amici (2) |
circuit-split class-certification daubert-standard expert-testimony predominance-requirement rule-23 |
When a plaintiff seeking to certify a class relies on an expert to establish that classwide issues predominate, must the expert testimony satisfy the … |
| 24A389 |
Union Pacific Railroad Company v. Robert Anthony Zaragoza |
Fifth Circuit |
2024-10-22 |
Presumed Complete |
|
american-pipe-tolling burden-of-proof civil-procedure class-action class-certification statute-of-limitations |
1. This case presents an important and recurring question regarding how courts should resolve ambiguity as to the scope of a putative or certified cla… |
| 24-426 |
Plan Benefit Services, Inc., et al. v. Heriberto Chavez, et al. |
Fifth Circuit |
2024-10-16 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
article-iii-standing circuit-split class-action class-certification federal-civil-procedure standing-doctrine |
The determination of whether a named plaintiff in a
class action has Article III standing to bring claims on
behalf of others has been addressed by … |
| 24A340 |
Union Pacific Railroad Company v. Nicholas DeFries, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2024-10-09 |
Presumed Complete |
|
american-pipe-tolling civil-procedure class-action class-certification employment-discrimination statute-of-limitations |
1. These cases present an important and recurring question regarding how courts should resolve ambiguity as to the scope of a putative or certified cl… |
| 24-384 |
Meta Platforms, Inc., fka Facebook, Inc. v. DZ Reserve, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2024-10-04 |
Denied |
Amici (2)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
appellate-review circuit-split class-certification fraud-class-action predominance rule-23 |
1. Whether the Ninth Circuit's "common course of conduct" test improperly dilutes Rule 23(b)(3)'s predominance requirement by ignoring differences amo… |
| 24-86 |
Career Counseling, Inc., dba Snelling Staffing Services v. Amerifactors Financial Group, LLC |
Fourth Circuit |
2024-07-26 |
Denied |
Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (3) |
administrative-feasibility circuit-split class-certification fax-machine fax-machine-definition rule-23 rule-23(b)(3) telephone-consumer-protection-act |
1. Whether there is an implied "administrative fea-
sibility" prerequisite for class certification, as held by
the First, Third, and Fourth Circuits, … |
| 23A982 |
Career Counseling, Inc., dba Snelling Staffing Services, a South Carolina Corporation v. Amerifactors Financial Group, LLC |
Fourth Circuit |
2024-05-03 |
Presumed Complete |
|
administrative-feasibility circuit-split class-certification fax-services statutory-interpretation tcpa |
Whether the Fourth Circuit properly imposed an "administrative feasibility" requirement for class certification that conflicts with the approach of si… |
| 23-814 |
Visa Inc., et al. v. National ATM Council, Inc., et al. |
District of Columbia |
2024-01-29 |
Denied |
Amici (1) |
antitrust antitrust-impact civil-procedure class-action class-certification classwide-impact federal-rule-civil-procedure federal-rules-of-civil-procedure material-dispute merits merits-determination |
Whether a district court validly certifies a class under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) where it deems the proposed method through which pla… |
| 23-658 |
Medical Transportation Management, Inc. v. Isaac Harris, et al. |
District of Columbia |
2023-12-19 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
circuit-split civil-procedure class-certification commonality federal-rules-of-civil-procedure policy-uniformity rule-23 significant-proof uniform-policy |
Where class certification is based on allegations that a defendant's policy or practice has injured class members, what constitutes "significant proof… |
| 23-648 |
Brinker International, Inc. v. Eric Steinmetz, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, et al. |
Eleventh Circuit |
2023-12-15 |
Denied |
Amici (1)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
civil-procedure class-action class-certification consumer-credit damages damages-uniformity federal-rules-of-civil-procedure individualized-injury predominance-requirement rule-23 rules-enabling-act |
This case is a putative class action arising out of a consumer credit card security incident in which the class members' purported injuri es, if they … |
| 23A533 |
Visa Inc., et al. v. National ATM Council, Inc., et al. |
District of Columbia |
2023-12-12 |
Presumed Complete |
|
antitrust class-certification damages predominance rule-23 sherman-act |
1. This case presents the question of whether a class may be certified under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) as long as plaintiffs' proposed … |
| 23-470 |
Kimberly Bruce, aka Kimberly A. Bruce, aka Kimberly Antrell Bruce v. Citigroup, Inc., et al. |
Second Circuit |
2023-11-03 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
bankruptcy bankruptcy-code bankruptcy-jurisdiction civil-procedure class-action class-certification due-process national-class rule-7023 statutory-injunction |
1. Whether a bankruptcy court has jurisdiction under Bankruptcy Rule 7023 to certify a national class of individuals, all of whom were subjected to th… |
| 23A322 |
Medical Transportation Management, Inc. v. Isaac Harris, et al. |
District of Columbia |
2023-10-12 |
Presumed Complete |
|
class-certification commonality-requirement fair-labor-standards-act general-contractor joint-employer wage-and-hour-laws |
Question not identified. |
| 23-344 |
Apple Inc. v. Epic Games, Inc. |
Ninth Circuit |
2023-10-02 |
Denied |
Amici (5) |
civil-rights class-certification constitutional-limitations due-process federal-court injunction injunctive-relief judicial-scope ninth-circuit nonparties nonparty-impact standing |
Whether, in the absence of class certification, a federal court is precluded from entering an injunction that extends to nonparties without a specific… |
| 23-166 |
Hilton Hotels Retirement Plan, et al. v. Valerie White, et al. |
District of Columbia |
2023-08-21 |
Denied |
Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
appeal-period civil-procedure class-certification equitable-tolling federal-rules-of-civil-procedure nutraceutical-corp-v-lambert rule-23(f) rule-23f time-limitation time-period |
1. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f) sets a "purposefully unforgiving" fourteen-day deadline to file a petition for permission to appeal from an o… |
| 22-1019 |
CoreCivic, Inc. v. Sylvester Owino, et al., Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated |
Ninth Circuit |
2023-04-20 |
Denied |
Amici (1)Response Waived |
appellate-review civil-procedure class-certification commonality ninth-circuit rule-23 standard-of-review uniformity |
1. Whether courts of appeals reviewing Rule 23 class certification decisions must, as a matter of law, give district court decisions granting class ce… |
| 22-566 |
William Yeatman v. Kathryn Hyland, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2022-12-20 |
Denied |
Amici (2) |
class-action class-certification class-counsel cy-pres due-process first-amendment rule-23 settlement-approval student-loan third-party-beneficiary |
The Second Circuit affirmed Rule 23(e)(2) approval of a cy-pres class-action settlement that paid no money to the class of student-loan borrowers, but… |
| 22-131 |
StarKist Co., et al. v. Olean Wholesale Grocery Cooperative, Inc., On Behalf of Itself and All Others Similarly Situated, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2022-08-10 |
Denied |
Amici (3) |
civil-procedure class-action class-certification injury-proof representative-evidence rule-23 standing uninjured-class-members |
1. Whether, and in what circumstances, the presence of uninjured class members precludes the certification of a class under Federal Rule of Civil Proc… |
| 21-1107 |
FTS USA, LLC, et al. v. Edward Monroe, et al. |
Sixth Circuit |
2022-02-10 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
class-certification collective-action damages due-process fair-labor-standards-act representative-sample representative-testimony seventh-amendment |
1. Whether the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Due Process Clause permit a collective action to be certified and tried to verdict based upon testimon… |
| 21-508 |
In Re William J. French, et al. |
|
2021-10-06 |
Denied |
|
abuse-of-discretion class-certification contract-law district-court-discretion economic-discrimination insurance-discrimination long-term-care-insurance qualified-long-term-care-insurance summary-judgment tax-benefits |
In 1996 Congress enacted Internal Revenue Code ("Code") Subchapter C—Long-Term Care Services and Contracts, which entitles purchasers of Qualified Lon… |
| 21-336 |
Shiyang Huang v. Brian F. Spector, et al. |
Eleventh Circuit |
2021-09-02 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
article-iii-standing civil-procedure class-action class-certification future-harm monetary-damages money-damages risk-of-harm supreme-court-precedent transunion-v-ramirez |
Whether class-action plaintiffs can still rely on mere "risk of future harm" allegations alone to establish Article III standing, achieve class certif… |
| 21-51 |
Central Payment Co., LLC v. Custom Hair Designs by Sandy, LLC, On Behalf of Itself and All Others Similarly Situated, et al. |
Eighth Circuit |
2021-07-14 |
Denied |
Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
circuit-split civil-procedure class-certification contract-interpretation contractual-rights-and-obligations federal-rules federal-rules-of-civil-procedure individualized-defenses rule-23 rules-enabling-act |
Whether a class may be certified under Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure when the class claims turn on materially different contractual … |
| 20-1757 |
Lecia L. Shorter v. Mary Amador, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2021-06-16 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
civil-rights class-action class-action-settlement class-certification due-process monelle-liability rule-23-certification standing strip-search unnamed-class-member |
1) What are the collateral attack options of an unnamed class member to challenge the classifications and due process violations in a $53 million civi… |
| 20-1008 |
State Farm Life Insurance Company v. Michael G. Vogt |
Eighth Circuit |
2021-01-27 |
Denied |
Amici (3) |
class-certification class-members class-representative damages damages-model fail-safe-class intraclass-conflict rule-23 universal-life-insurance |
This is one of a series of class actions against life insurance companies arising from "cost of insurance" provisions in Universal Life policies. Plai… |
| 20-257 |
Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc., et al. v. Maxcimo Scott, et al. |
Second Circuit |
2020-09-01 |
Dismissed |
Amici (4)Relisted (5) |
civil-procedure class-certification collective-action district-court employment-law fair-labor-standards-act material-question opt-in-plaintiffs similarly-situated |
Whether a district court may consider factors other than the presence of a single material question of law or fact common to a group of employees when… |
| 20-181 |
Daniel L. Miles v. Kristine Svinicki, et al. |
Seventh Circuit |
2020-08-18 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
civil-rights class-action class-certification discriminatory-hiring due-process employment-discrimination federal-rules-of-civil-procedure fifth-amendment involuntary-servitude thirteenth-amendment |
Whether the Seventh Circuit panel majority's decision, rendered on February 28, 2020, affirming the judgment of the District Court conflicts with the … |
| 19-1386 |
D. C., a Minor, By and Through His Guardian ad Litem, Helen Garter v. San Diego County, California, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2020-06-17 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
civil-procedure class-certification collateral-estoppel damages damages-analysis issue-certification negative-value predominance predominance-test rule-23 superiority |
1. Does rule 23(c)(4) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("Rule 23(c)(4)")
require only that common questions predominate over individual ones wi… |
| 19-1339 |
Kansas City Royals Baseball Corp., et al. v. Aaron Senne, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2020-06-04 |
Denied |
Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
class-action class-certification commonality predominance rule-23 statistical-surveys tyson-foods tyson-foods-v-bouaphakeo wage-and-hour |
1. Whether Tyson sanctions the use of statistical surveys to establish commonality and predominance for a wage-and-hour class that encompasses differe… |
| 19-706 |
Facebook, Inc. v. Nimesh Patel, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2019-12-04 |
Denied |
Amici (3)Response Waived |
article-iii-standing circuit-split civil-procedure class-certification concrete-injury concrete-interest future-risk personal-information predominance real-world-injury risk-of-harm standing-article-iii statutory-violation |
1. Whether a court can find Article III standing
based on its conclusion that a statute protects a
concrete interest, without determining that the
… |
| 19-503 |
Apache Corporation v. Bigie Lee Rhea |
Tenth Circuit |
2019-10-18 |
Denied |
|
administrative-feasibility ascertainability class-action class-actions class-certification class-membership class-notice due-process rule-23 |
Three circuits have held that Rule 23(b)(3) requires proponents of class certification to show an administratively feasible method for identifying cla… |
| 18-1353 |
Kevin McCabe, et al. v. Lifetime Entertainment Services, LLC |
Second Circuit |
2019-04-29 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
american-pipe american-pipe-doctrine appeal appellate-review civil-procedure class-action class-action-tolling class-certification due-process legal-tolling precedent procedural-rules procedural-tolling sanctions standing statute-of-limitations |
1. Whether class-action statute-of-limitations tolling under American Pipe & Constr. Co. v. Utah, 414 U.S. 538 (1974), should continue until a distric… |
| 18-1262 |
Corona Regional Medical Center, et al. v. Marlyn Sali, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2019-04-02 |
Dismissed |
|
admissibility circuit-split civil-procedure class-certification evidence evidence-admissibility federal-rules-civil-procedure federal-rules-of-civil-procedure federal-rules-of-evidence ninth-circuit precedent rule-23 standards-of-proof |
Whether the requirements for class certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 can be satisfied with inadmissible evidence. |
| 18-1256 |
BP West Coast Products, LLC v. Steven Scharfstein, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, et al. |
Oregon |
2019-04-01 |
Dismissed |
|
civil-procedure class-action class-certification cy-pres due-process oregon oregon-law punitive-damages signage-laws statutory-damages |
In this class action, the Oregon courts upheld an aggregated statutory-damages award of $409 million based on petitioner's failure to disclose a $0.35… |
| 18-1127 |
SpeedyPC Software v. Archie Beaton |
Seventh Circuit |
2019-02-28 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
affidavit-sampling affidavits class-certification consumer-fraud credibility due-process implied-warranty individual-issues sampling |
1. Is it proper for a court to certify a class by suggesting that individual issues can be resolved by the submission of affidavits from each individu… |
| 18-1080 |
Anderson Living Trust, fka The James H. Anderson Living Trust, et al. v. WPX Energy Production, LLC, fka WPX Energy San Juan, LLC, et al. |
Tenth Circuit |
2019-02-21 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
appeal appellate-jurisdiction civil-procedure class-action class-certification federal-rules-civil-procedure final-judgment microsoft-v-baker mootness settlement-agreement standing tenth-circuit |
Does Microsoft v. Baker, 137 S.Ct. 1702, 198 L.Ed. 2d 132 (2017) mandate that only plaintiffs who litigate their individual claims to a final judgment… |
| 18-987 |
McKesson Corporation, et al. v. True Health Chiropractic, Inc., et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2019-01-29 |
Denied |
Amici (2)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
affirmative-defenses burden-of-proof civil-procedure class-certification federal-rules-of-civil-procedure halliburton-v-erica-p-john-fund predominance rule-23 |
This Court has repeatedly said that a plaintiff seeking class certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) bears the burden of proving… |
| 18-969 |
Gospel For Asia, Inc., et al. v. Garland D. Murphy, III, et al. |
Eighth Circuit |
2019-01-25 |
Dismissed |
|
circuit-split civil-procedure civil-rights class-action class-certification due-process fraud interlocutory-appeal presumption-of-injury presumption-of-reliance rico rico-class-action rule-23 standards-for-interlocutory-appeal |
1. Whether a RICO class may be certified under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) based on a presumption that all class members were injured by … |
| 18-876 |
Cynthia N. Almond, et al. v. Singing River Health System, et al. |
Fifth Circuit |
2019-01-08 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
civil-procedure class-action class-certification constitutional-rights due-process fifth-amendment fourteenth-amendment monetary-claims opt-out property-rights rule-23 |
1. Whether the District Court erred in certifying the class under Rule 23 on the grounds that Petitioners have a constitutional due process right to o… |
| 18-472 |
Behr Dayton Thermal Products LLC, et al. v. Terry Martin, et al. |
Sixth Circuit |
2018-10-12 |
Denied |
Amici (1)Response RequestedResponse WaivedRelisted (2) |
appellate-conflict civil-procedure class-certification courts-of-appeals federal-civil-procedure federal-rules-of-civil-procedure issue-certification issue-classes predominance predominance-requirement rule-23 rule-23(b)(3) rule-23(c)(4) |
Whether plaintiffs, having failed to demonstrate that common issues predominate over individual issues as to their cause of action under Federal Rule … |
| 18-449 |
Pharmavite LLC v. Noah Bradach |
Ninth Circuit |
2018-10-10 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
class-action class-certification class-members federal-preemption federal-statute individual-inquiry preemption state-law-claims supremacy-clause |
1. Is it a violation of the Supremacy Clause, U.S. ConsT. art. VI, cl. 2, for a federal court to certify a class that includes class members asserting… |
| 18-398 |
FCA US LLC, et al. v. Brian Flynn, et al. |
Seventh Circuit |
2018-09-28 |
Denied |
Amici (4) |
article-iii-standing civil-procedure civil-procedure-23(f) class-action class-certification interlocutory-review manifest-error predominance standing superiority |
Plaintiffs brought a purported class action claiming that they bought or leased FCA-manufactured vehicles that were "excessively vulnerable" to being … |
| 18-169 |
Lance Laber v. Milberg LLP, et al. |
Ninth Circuit |
2018-08-07 |
Denied |
Response Waived |
28-usc-1291 appellate-rights circuit-split civil-procedure class-action class-certification intervention microsoft-corp-v-baker precedent standing united-airlines united-airlines-inc-v-mcdonald |
Whether this Court's decision in United Airlines,
Inc. v. McDonald, 432 U.S. 385 (1977), which allowed
unnamed putative class members to intervene for… |