1. Whether a party seeking retrospective relief under Collins v. Yellen may prove causation through circumstantial evidence —or must produce direct evidence of presidential removal intent.

2. Whether the stigma-plus doctrine requires the same government actor to impose both stigma and deprivation —or permits claims when the elements are sufficiently connected.

Whether a party seeking retrospective relief under Collins v. Yellen may prove causation through circumstantial evidence or must produce direct evidence of presidential removal intent, and whether the stigma-plus doctrine requires the same government actor to impose both stigma and deprivation or permits claims when the elements are sufficiently connected