In Rodriguez v. United States, this Court held that a police officer may not extend a traffic stop, absent reasonable suspicion, to conduct a dog sniff. 575 U.S. 348, 350 (2015). In reaching this conclusion, the Court explained that a stop becomes unlawful when an officer "'prolongs'— i.e., adds time to—'the stop.'" Id. at 357 (quoting Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407 (2005)). In the years since Rodriguez, state and federal courts have divided over whether officers may, absent reasonable suspicion, divert from a traffic stop's mission and ask unrelated investigatory questions that prolong the stop.

The question presented is: Whether a police officer violates the Fourth Amendment by prolonging a traffic stop with unrelated investigatory questions.

Whether a police officer violates the Fourth Amendment by prolonging a traffic stop with unrelated investigatory questions