1) Whether the Fifth Circuit's interpretation of aiding and abetting bank robbery as a "crime of violence" under 924(c)(3)(A) sidesteps the categorical approach, conflicts with other circuits and deprives defendants of due process under the Fifth Amendment?

2) Whether 18 U.S.C. 2113(a) exceeds Congress's enumerated powers by extending federal jurisdiction to intrastate robberies under the "substantial effects " test?

Whether the Fifth Circuit's interpretation of aiding and abetting bank robbery as a 'crime of violence' under 924(c)(3)(A) sidesteps the categorical approach and conflicts with other circuits, and whether 18 U.S.C. 2113(a) exceeds Congress's enumerated powers by extending federal jurisdiction to intrastate robberies