In 42 U.S.C. 1983 litigation, Discovery responses, Discovery answers, formal policies, and documents can concede issues of fact, law, and elements of claims. Most relevant; they are party statements and are not hearsay.

(1) Whether a party's testimony in Depositions, its Admissions, Interrogatory responses, formal policies, and its law enforcement reports constitute their formal and binding position(s) on legal liability?

(2) Whether formal Monell policies and cited Training methods that discard 'reasonable suspicion' and 'probable cause' satisfy the quantum of proof under 42 U.S.C. 1983 to hold a County liable?

Whether a county's formal policies and law enforcement training that discard 'reasonable suspicion' and 'probable cause' can establish municipal liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and whether a party's deposition testimony, admissions, and discovery responses constitute binding admissions on issues of legal liability