1. Whether the First Circuit's decision conflicts
with Loper Lights Enters v. Raimondo , 603
U.S. 369 (2024), which requires courts to
independently determine the meaning of
federal statutes rather than deferring to
agency interpretations.

2. Whether the First Circuit's decision
conflicts with La. Pub. Serv. Comm'n v.
FCC , 476 U.S. 355, 374 (1986), which held
that "an agency literally has no power to
act . . . unless and until Congress confers
power upon it."

Whether the First Circuit's decision improperly defers to agency interpretations of federal statutes in violation of recent Supreme Court precedent