1. Whether federal courts of appeals exceed the "judicial power" assigned
under Article III of the Constitution when they issue non-precedential decisions to
resolve contested appellate issues.

2. Whether the right to due process flowing from the statutory right to
appeal is violated when non-frivolous appellate challenges to a lower court
judgment are disposed of by way of a non-precedential order that does not provide
analysis or reasoning to explain the outcome.

Whether federal courts of appeals exceed Article III judicial power by issuing non-precedential decisions and whether non-precedential orders without reasoning violate due process rights