In determining whether a police officer acted reasonably in denying a citizen's right to loiter on public property for innocent purposes protected by the Constitution such as videotaping, are Federal Appellate Circuits bound by Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham, 382 U.S. 87, 90 (1965): Chicago v. Morales, 527 U.S. 41 (1999).

Whether federal appellate circuits are bound by Supreme Court precedent in determining the reasonableness of police officers' actions when restricting a citizen's right to loiter on public property