Whether §1605(a)(6) allows United States courts to assert jurisdiction over a foreign sovereign without determining whether the sovereign consented to arbitrate differences between itself and the plaintiff.

Whether, in suits to confirm foreign arbitral awards, forum non conveniens dismissal: (i) is categorically unavailable, as the D.C. Circuit holds; (ii) is unavailable in at least some suits, as the Fourth Circuit holds; or (iii) depends on the facts of each case, as the Second and Ninth Circuits hold.

Whether §1605(a)(6) allows United States courts to assert jurisdiction over a foreign sovereign without determining whether the sovereign consented to arbitrate differences between itself and the plaintiff