Is the Ninth Circuit's determination in United States v. Gadson, 763 F.3d 1189, 1206, 1208-1209 (9th Cir. 2014) that Federal Rule of Evidence 701 authorizes the admission lay opinion testimony by a law enforcement officer predicated on information the officer gleaned through participation in an investigation correct or is the determination that such opinion testimony if not admissible under that rule by, inter alia, the First Circuit in United States v. Vazquez-Rivera, 665 F.3d 351, 358-359 (1st Cir. 2011) and the Second Circuit in United States v. Garcia, 413 F.3d 201, 212-213 (2nd Cir. 2005) correct?

Whether a federal district court's denial of a direct criminal appeal under 18 U.S.C. § 3231 can be challenged through a subsequent petition for certiorari when the circuit court of appeals has affirmed the lower court's judgment