The circuits uniformly hold that Hobbs Act robbery is categorically a crime of violence and therefore can support a related conviction under 18 US.C. § 924(c)(1) and (3). They do so by using realistic a probability test forbidden by United States v. Taylor, 596 U.S. 845 (2022), and by ignoring the text of the statute and their own pattern jury instructions, which provide that Hobbs Act robbery can be committed by putting someone in fear of future injury to property, including economic or intangible property or by using no force, but withholding aid.

The question presented is: Is Hobbs Act robbery categorically a crime of violence?

Is Hobbs Act robbery categorically a crime of violence?