Whether Congress's power to enforce the Thirteenth Amendment's prohibition on slavery and involuntary servitude authorizes Congress to criminalize assaults committed because of the victim's race, color, religion, or national origin, on grounds that such an assault is a "badge" or "incident" of slavery, regardless of whether there is any nexus to federally protected rights.

Whether Congress's power to enforce the Thirteenth Amendment's prohibition on slavery and involuntary servitude authorizes Congress to criminalize assaults committed because of the victim's race, color, religion, or national origin, on grounds that such an assault is a 'badge' or 'incident' of slavery, regardless of whether there is any nexus to federally protected rights