Whether attempted bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), and
attempted armed bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(d), are "crimes of
violence" as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A). Specifically,

(1) whether an attempt offense under § 2113(a) requires
the actual use or threat of force because the attempt element
relates only to the taking element; and

(2) whether an attempt offense under § 2113(d), which
broadly proscribes any attempt to commit an offense under §
21138(a) requires the actual use or threat of force.

Whether attempted bank robbery and attempted armed bank robbery are 'crimes of violence'