Whether a sentence predicated upon a finding that Hobbs Act robbery is a crime of violence under the elements clause in 18 U.S.C § 924 (c) violates the "vagueness" doctrine.

After a Hobbs Act robbery goes awry, whether the application of sentencing enhancements based on subsequent criminal acts undertaken solely by a coconspirator violates the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, where the conduct was neither in furtherance of the planned criminal activity, nor submitted to a jury to determine guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

Whether a sentence predicated upon a finding that Hobbs Act robbery is a crime of violence under the elements clause in 18 U.S.C § 924 (c) violates the 'vagueness' doctrine