1. Whether the Ninth Circuit erred by basing a defense to § 1983 on "equality and fairness" rather than determining whether the common law in 1871 provided a good-faith defense to a private party for the most analogous tort.

2. Whether the remedy Petitioners seek is equitable restitution such that a good-faith defense to money damages, if it exists, does not apply.

3. Whether a good-faith defense, if it exists, applies only to individuals, not legal entities like the Respondent unions.

4. Whether the Ninth Circuit erred by failing to give Janus truly retroactive effect.

Whether the Ninth Circuit erred in allowing public-sector unions to keep ill-gotten fair-share fees