1. Whether the appropriate interpretation of Colorado v. Connelly's "essential link" between coercive police activity and a suspect's confession is a "motivating cause" test or a more stringent "quid pro quo" bargain test?

2. Subsidiary Question: Where law enforcement has made threats to arrest a family member and those threats have been conveyed to the suspect, is the appropriate inquiry to determine the voluntariness of a suspect's subsequent confession whether the officers had probable cause to lawfully carry out such threats?

Whether the appropriate interpretation of Colorado v. Connelly's 'essential link' between coercive police activity and a suspect's confession is a 'motivating cause' test or a more stringent 'quid pro quo' bargain test?