By its plain language, Hobbs Act robbery does not have as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use, of violent force. Hobs Act robbery's plain language, at 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(1), encompasses future threats to injure intangible property, which does not require force. The question presented is whether, to make Hobbs Act robbery "fit" the 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A) crime-of-violence physical force clause definition, the Circuits interpret Hobbs Act robbery too narrowly by requiring violent force as an element of 18 U.S.C. § 1951.

Whether Hobbs Act robbery qualifies as a 'crime of violence' under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A)