1. Does the Commerce Clause empower Congress to impose "Registry requirements for sex offenders," 34 U.S.C. § 20918, directly upon an individual convicted under state law who does not cross state lines and who is exempt from his state's own, punitive registration requirements?

2. Did the Third Circuit overstep constitutional limits when it held that federal law authorizes state actors to enroll an individual into a state sex-offender registry, against his will, even though the state itself exempts him from registration?

Does the Commerce Clause empower Congress to impose 'Registry requirements for sex offenders,' 34 U.S.C. § 20918, directly upon an individual convicted under state law who does not cross state lines and who is exempt from his state's own, punitive registration requirements?