1. Whether the Eight Circuit's decision conflicts with the Supreme Court's opinion in Burrage v. United States, 134 S.Ct. 881 (2014), which held that when a criminal statute includes a causation element, the government must prove "but for" causation?

2. Whether 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a), which creates the substantive crime of Commercial Sex Trafficking, requires the government to prove that a commercial sex act occurred, as opposed to offenses charged under 18 U.S.C. § 1594(a) and (c), which create the inchoate crimes of attempt and conspiracy, and whether, if the statute is construed to exempt proof of a commercial sex act, does such reading seriously call into question its constitutionality as exceeding congressional authority granted by the Commerce Clause?

Whether the Eight Circuit's decision conflicts with Burrage v. United States regarding causation