I. Whether California violates the Equal Protection Clause by imposing a harsher maximum sentence on kidnapper-extortionists—who harm their victims and who do not target a secondary victim—than it imposes on similarly situated kidnapper-robbers.

II. Whether California violates the Eighth Amendment's proscription against cruel and unusual punishment by imposing a harsher maximum sentence on kidnapper-extortionists—who harm their victims and who do not target a secondary victim—than it imposes on similarly situated kidnapper-robbers.

Whether California violates the Equal Protection Clause and Eighth Amendment by imposing a harsher maximum sentence on kidnapper-extortionists than on similarly situated kidnapper-robbers